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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5)
  • MHC  (2)
  • Paternity  (2)
  • 1995-1999  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete cDNA sequences of the DRB6 gene from humans and chimpanzees: a possible model of a stop codon readingthrough mechanism in primates (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 843-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words DRB6 ; MHC ; Primates ; Readingthrough mechanism ; Selenocysteine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The defective major histocompatibility complex (MHC) DRB6 gene is transcribed into mRNA in human [peripheral blood lymphocytes, transfected and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)] and chimpanzee EBV cell lines. MHC-DRB6 presents several anomalies, which include stop codons in exon 2, lack of the usual polyadenilation signal of other MHC-DRB genes, and a promoter region and exon 1 taken from a locally inserted retrovirus. The complete cDNA sequences from human DRB6*0201 and three common chimpanzee alleles (Patr-DRB6*0108, Patr-DRB6*0109, Patr-DRB6*0111) have been obtained; two exon 1-exon 2 cDNA sequences from bonobos (Papa-DRB6*0101 and Papa-DRB6*0102) are also shown. In contrast to chimpanzee DRB6 transcripts, the human ones: (1) present an exon 1-exon 2 splicing site that includes the transcription of the first 141 nucleotides of intron 1, rendering a longer exon 1, and (2) show a duplication of exon 6, which would render a longer cytoplasmic tail in a putative DRB6 protein. These two characteristics are found in all the human sequences obtained, regardless of the cellular type tested, and they are not present in any of the chimpanzee alleles reported; consequently, they are human-specific. All the alleles reported here bear stop codons in the three possible reading frames; however, a certain level of expression of DRB6 has been observed by cytofluorometry. This could be due to the presence of a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) stem-loop structure located at the 3 untranslated region of the DRB6 mRNA, which directs selenocysteine incorporation at UGA codons. DRB6 transcription and translation would be the first gene model of a readingthrough stop codon mechanism in primate MHC. It is also feasible that the DRB6 gene might generate a population of short polypeptides, bound to plasmatic membranes, having non-antigen-presenting functions or which are presented by other MHC molecules as HLA-E presents HLA-G and -B leader sequence-derived peptides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050563
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription and weak expression of HLA-DRB6: a gene with anomalies in exon 1 and other regions. (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 16-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words HLA ; MHC ; DRB6 ; LTR ; Retrovirus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA-DRB6 is one of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes present in DR1, DR2, and DR10 haplotypes (approximately 26% of individuals). It shows several anomalies in human and non-human primates, including exon 2 stop codons (non-randomly grouped between codons 74 and 94) and a promoter region, and an exon 1 coming from an inserted retrovirus. It has been shown that not only chimpanzee but also human Mhc-DRB6 lack the usual 3’ untranslated (UT) polyadenylation signal, and in the present work it was found that the human DRB6 gene coming from an HLA-DR2 haplotype is effectively transcribed after transfection in mouse L cells, and that HLA-DRB6 molecules may be expressed on the cell surface. DRB6 transcription level is remarkably lower in human than in chimpanzee. Moreover, their exons 1 (both taken from the 3’LTR region of a mammary tumor retrovirus) are also different; this shows that these viral insertions may be an important mechanism for different evolutionary changes in orthologous genes of different species. The pathways by which DRB6 molecules may be expressed on the membrane are unclear but other examples of truncated protein expression have also been described, even within the human major histocompatibility complex (i. e., in HLA-G). Finally, the presence of mature HLA-DRB6 mRNA molecules supports the notion that splicing may take place even in the absence of a canonical 3’UT polyadenylation signal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050395
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confirmation of cooperative polyandry in the Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Buteo galapagoensis ; Paternity ; Polyandry ; Reproductive success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Without genetic tests of parentage, descriptions of mating systems must be considered hypothetical. Here we confirm the existence of cooperative polyandry in the Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) using multilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprinting. In this species, breeding groups consist of one adult female and from one to eight males (the modal number of males is two). In polyandrous groups, all males copulate with the female and participate in the provisioning of the young. DNA samples from 66 individual hawks from ten breeding groups on the island of Santiago revealed mixed paternity in most groups. Multiple paternity was detected in five of six groups that produced two chicks in one breeding attempt (year). In addition, different males sired young in consecutive years in five of six groups in which male group membership was constant. Patterns of paternity suggest that reproductive success was randomly distributed among males within groups, with males apparently having equivalent probabilities of siring each young. Analysis of genetic similarity indicates that males within groups were typically not close relatives These results demonstrate that the mating system of the Galapagos hawk is polyandrous, with relatively egalitarian relations among unrelated males belonging to the same breeding group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170712
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confirmation of cooperative polyandry in the Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words DNA fingerprinting ; Buteo galapagoensis ; Paternity ; Polyandry ; Reproductive success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Without genetic tests of parentage, descriptions of mating systems must be considered hypothetical. Here we confirm the existence of cooperative polyandry in the Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) using multilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprinting. In this species, breeding groups consist of one adult female and from one to eight males (the modal number of males is two). In polyandrous groups, all males copulate with the female and participate in the provisioning of the young. DNA samples from 66 individual hawks from ten breeding groups on the island of Santiago revealed mixed paternity in most groups. Multiple paternity was detected in five of six groups that produced two chicks in one breeding attempt (year). In addition, different males sired young in consecutive years in five of six groups in which male group membership was constant. Patterns of paternity suggest that reproductive success was randomly distributed among males within groups, with males apparently having equivalent probabilities of siring each young. Analysis of genetic similarity indicates that males within groups were typically not close relatives. These results demonstrate that the mating system of the Galapagos hawk is polyandrous, with relatively egalitarian relations among unrelated males belonging to the same breeding group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050127
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of stereoregular polygluconamides from D-glucose and D-glucosamine (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polygluconamides ; stereoregular polyamides ; stereoregular nylons ; chiral polyamides ; chiral nylons ; aminoaldonic acids ; sugar polyamides ; carbohydrate monomers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two stereoregular polygluconamides, one (3) of polypeptide-type and the other (16) being a polycaproamide containing four stereocenters in the main chain of the repeating unit, have been prepared from D-glucosamine and D-glucose, respectively. The new polyamides were characterized by elemental analysis, and IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. The molecular weights for 3 and 16 were estimated as 25,000 and 67,000, respectively, on the basis of viscosimetric measurements. Both polyamides display high optical activity; they are highly hydrophilic and readily soluble in water as well as in a variety of organic solvents including chloroform. Polyamide 16 is highly crystalline and yields resistant films with spherulitic texture. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080330211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoacceleration and inhibition: Free volume. Epoxy-amine kinetics (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1001-1016 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: free volume ; autoacceleration ; inhibition ; tertiary amines ; friction coefficient ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The epoxy-diamine cure process was studied. We found that the mechanism can be described in three steps: (i) initiation up to 20-25% of conversion. (ii) autoacceleration and (iii) inhibition. It has been observed that after the initiation there is a clear autoacceleration effect which has been explained in terms of free volume, considerations: the volume occupied by the products of reaction diminishes the available volume increasing the “local concentration” of the reactants and therefore the rate of reaction. The reaction was followed by FTIR (near infrared) as the main technique. We used a purified epoxy resin as well as phenyl glycidyl ether cured with m-xylenediamine. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1001-1016, 1998
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of poly[isobutyl (2S,3R)-3-benzyloxyaspartate] (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 198 (1997), S. 219-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A chiral poly(3-substituted isobutyl D-aspartate) 12 was synthesized by polymerization of the chiral β-lactam 11 derived from D-glyceraldehyde. The new polyamide was characterized by elemental analyses, and infrared, 1H- and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The molecular weight was estimated as 543 000 and 230 000 on the basis of viscosimetric measurements and gel-permeation chromatography, respectively. Polyamide 12 is soluble in a variety of organic solvents including chloroform.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1997.021980116
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epoxy resins based on trimethylolpropane. II. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of cure withm-XDA (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 55 (1995), S. 1507-1516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of cure of an epoxy resin based on trimethilolpropane (TMP) used as supplied and in purified form and m-xylylenediamine (m-XDA), as curing agent has been carried out. Thermodynamic functions such as activation energy, activation entropy, activation enthalpy, and free energy of activation were determinated. From kinetic study we have observed that there are two competitive mechanisms; autocatalyzed and n order, with the values of activation energy ranging between 52.9 and 64.6 kJ/mol. The overall order of reaction is found to be 2.5, and the order of reaction with respect to the hydroxyl group is clearly determined and equal to 1. Gelation study was carried out under two conditions: isothermal and adiabatic. From isothermal study we obtained the values of functionality of the resins (approximately two) and the apparent activation energy of the process. The adiabatic study allowed us the determination of the pot-life taking into account the theoretical model used, with reasonable theoretical/experimental agreements. The importance of n-order path for this kind of resins (with high OH contents) is well demonstrated through kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The thermodynamic functions showed themselves as very sensitive parameters for the following and evolution of the reaction. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070551102
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epoxy resins based on trimethylolpropane. I. Determination of chemical structres (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 55 (1995), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemical structure of an aliphatic epoxy resin was studied by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), FTIR-TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), mass spectrometry in fast atom bombardment (FAB) mode, and wet analysis. We found that when trimethylolpropane is used as starting monomer, only two OH groups are epoxidized. The resin and its different fractions have a functionality of two. Under the conditions of synthesis used by the supplier, three main products were found with masses of 246,339, and 430. No trifunctional product was detected. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070550205
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