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  • Chemistry  (98)
  • 42.75
  • Atomic and molecular collisions and interactions
  • Atomic and molecular processes in external fields, including interactions with strong fields and short pulses
  • 1995-1999  (99)
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Characterization of the Fatigue of Cyclically Loaded Welded Joints by X-Ray Diffraction and Micromagnetic TestingThe fatigue behaviour of welded Joints is influenced by the state of the material, its microstructure and residual stresses. By means of the micromagnetic Barkhausen-noise testing method in connection with x-ray diffraction the behaviour of cyclically loaded welded joints of the steel S355 is investigated. Proved by the results of the present investigations, the macro-and micro-residual stresses, micromagnetic and strain characteristic values are strongly connected with each other. Plastic deformations in the HAZ and base material during cyclic loading were identifies by a significant relaxation of the micro-residual stresses and a characteristic change in the micro-residual stresses determined by X-ray profile analysis. Analogous to the growing plastic strain amplitude an advancing damage process in the material is accompained by a significant change in the micromagnetic parameters. As a conclusion the micromagnetic testing method can be suited for the identification of fatigue processes in the material before a final damager of the specimen.
    Notes: Das Ermüdungsverhalten von Schweißnähten wird durch den Werkstoffzustand, die Gefüge-und Mikrostruktur und Eigenspannungen beeinflußt. Mit Hilfe des mikromagnetischen Meßverfahrens in Verbindung mit röntgenographischen Verfahren wurde das Werkstoffverhalten von zyklisch beanspruchten Schweißnähten des Baustahls S355 mit der Absicht einer Restlebensdauervorhersage untersucht. Die Vorliegenden Ergebnisse bestätigen die Auffassung, daß hierbei Makro- und Mikroeigenspannungen, magnetische Kennwerte und Dehnungskennwerte eng miteinander verknüpft sind. Die bei zyklischer Beanspruchung mit hinreichen großen Spannungsamplituden in Naht, WEZ und Grundwerkstoff eintretenden mikostrukturellen Veränderungen kamen einerseits in starken Veränderungen der Makroeigenspannungen zum Ausdruck und in Bereichen stärkerer Plastizierungen auch in Veränderungen der Mikroeigenspannungen, die sich aus der Röntgeninterferenzlinien-Profilanalyse ergaben. Andererseits waren die Mikrostrukturänderungen schon frühzeitig im Verlauf der zyklischen Beanspruchungen anhand z.T. sehr ausgeprägter Veränderungen der mikromagnetischen Kennwerte nachweisbar. Diese Ergebnisse lassen erwarten, daß sich die mit den mikrostrukturellen Werkstoffveränderungen verknüpfte fortschreitende Schädigung bis zur Entstehung von Makrorissen mit Hilfe des mikromagnetischen Meßverfahrens nachweisen läßt und so Aussagen über den Ermüdungszustand schwingbeanspruchter Bauteile möglich werden.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 386-393 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Lattice Constant Determination in Cubic Thin Films under Thermal StrainAn X-ray diffraction procedure is presented to determine the lattice constant of a cubic thin film which is thermally strained. The procedure also gives the thermal strain. As application examples, the lattice constants of thin aluminium and copper films deposited by ion-platting are evaluated from grazing incidence diffraction data.
    Notes: Ein Verfahren zur röntgenographischen Bestimmung der Gitterkonstanten einer kubischen dünnen Schicht, die herstellungsbedingt unter thermischer Dehnung steht, wird angegeben. Das Verfahren liefert zudem die wirksame-thermische Dehnung. Als Anwendungsbeispiele werden die Gitterkonstanten von ionenplattierten Aluminium- und Kupferschichten aus röntgenographischen Messungen mittels eines Seemann-Bohlin Diffraktometers mit streifendem Strahleinfall ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 469-478 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal-matrix composites combine the properties of metals with those of ceramic fibres. Pistons of highly stressed Diesel engines are reinforced in their bottom zones by the implantation of a preform of fibres.Investigations concentrate on the nondestructive detection of inclusions and defects of fibre distribution.Due to the very small dimensions of the defects test methods capable of responding sensitively to such small defect dimensions have to be applied.Good prerequisites to solve the task of defect detection are provided in first line by ultrasonic inspection within the high-frequency range in connection with scanning methods. Natural defects up to a size of 120 μm could be detected by ultrasonics. With artificial test defects, the limit was reached at 100 μm.Eddy-current inspection, another test procedure, was applied for the detection of fibreless zones, as there exist differences of conductivity between fibreless and fibre-reinforced zones. The use of scanning methods with special probes allows to depict fibreless zones up to a size of 100 μm on the specimen surface.
    Notes: Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten für faserverstärkte Aluminiumwerkstoffe sind vielgestaltig: Die Anwendung erfolgt vor allem im Motoren, Maschinen- und Fahrzeugbau. Neben der Anwendung in der Feinwerktechnik für Manipulatoren sowie im Maschinenbau für Radial- und Kolbenverdichter besteht eine interessante Applikation bei der Herstellung von Kolben für Verbrennungsmotoren. Durch die hohe Verschleiß- und Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit gegenüber unverstärktem Aluminium sowie der Masseeinsparung gegenüber herkömmlichen Kolbenwerkstoffen stellen diese Verbundwerkstoffe vor allem bei der Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit eine gute Alternative dar. Die durch den Einsatz von Aluminium-Matrix-Verbundwerkstoffen mögliche größere Brennraummuldenhinter-schneidung ermöglicht eine bessere Verwirbelung bzw. Verbrennung des Kraftstoffgemisches. Dadurch erhöht sich der Wirkungsgrad des Motors, und die Emission von Schadstoffen wird gesenkt.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 19 (1996), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Micellear electrokinetic chromatography ; Organic modifiers ; Naphthalene sulfonates ; Surface water ; Thermostatting ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The production and use of naphthalene sulfonates can easily cause pollution of surface and other types of waters. In the present study, capillary electrophoresis in combination with UV absorption detection was used to separate 21 amino- and hydroxy-substituted naphthalene sulfonates which included multiple isomeric compounds. The influence of various parameters such as pH (which turned out to be extremely important), temperature of the surrounding air flow, and the use of buffer additives (micelles, cyclodextrins, organic modifiers) was studied. Complete separation of all analytes including the isomers, was achieved in two runs with a 50 mM boric acid/borate buffer, containing either 100 mM sodium dodecylsulfonate or 15% acetonitrile. The limits of detection obtained for the individual compounds typically were 20μgI-1. River water samples spiked at this concentration level could be analysed using a simple three-step sample clean-up procedure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line extraction ; Large volume introduction ; Capillary gas chromatography ; Atomic emission detection ; Solvent venting ; Pesticides ; Ground water ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The on-line coupling of a liquid-liquid extraction system with capillary gas chromatography using atomic emission detection (GC-AED) has been studied. The required large volumes of about 100 μl of an iso-octane solution can be introduced into the GC-AED system by using the AED solvent vent and a solvent vapor exit in front of the capillary analytical column. Test solutions containing several pesticides were detected using the carbon, chlorine, nitrogen and sulfur channels. Analyte detectability (in concentration units) was improved significantly and low concentractions of the test compounds could be determined (1-5 ng/ml). Aqueous samples were on-line extracted and analyzed. The precision of the large-volume injection itself as well as the total extraction-GC-AED system was satisfactory (RSD of ca. 2 and 4%, respectively). As a real-life application, several ground water samples were screened.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Large-volume on-column injection ; gas chromatography ; infrared spectrometry ; microcontaminants ; solid-phase extraction ; open-split interface ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A large-volume on-column GC-cryotrapping-IR system was developed for injections of up to 100 μl of organic extracts. Considerable reduction of the solvent-and-water background and enhanced analyte detectability was achieved by using an open-split interface between the GC column and the IR detector and improving the leak-tightness of the system. The system was combined with solid-phase extraction to yield on-line SPE-GC-IR. With this set-up, sample volumes of only 20 ml sufficed to detect, and identify, microcontaminants in tap and surface water at the 0.1-1 μg/L level. Detection limits were on the order of 15 ng/L for tap water when using appropriate functional-group chromatograms. Or, in other words, SPE-GC-IR is a suitable technique for the screening of environmental water samples for functional groups, i.e. classes of compounds, of interest.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; interfacing ; sample treatment ; serum ; solid-phase extraction ; sulfonamides ; urine ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 459-464 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fast gas chromatography ; gas chromatography ; resistive heating ; organophosphorus pesticides ; PAHs ; triazines ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The features of a resistive-heated capillary column for fast temperature-programmed gas chromatography (GC) have been evaluated. Experiments were carried out using a commercial available EZ Flash GC, an assembly which can be used to upgrade existing gas chromatographs. The capillary column is placed inside a metal tube which can be heated, and cooled, much more rapidly than any conventional GC oven. The EZ Flash assembly can generate temperature ramps up to 1200°/min and can be cooled down from 300 to 50°C in 30 s. Samples were injected via a conventional split/splitless injector and transferred to the GC column. The combination of a short column (5 m×0.25 mm i. d.), a high gas flow rate (up to 10 mL/min), and fast temperature programmes typically decreased analysis times from 30 min to about 2.5 min. Both the split and splitless injection mode could be used. With n-alkanes as test analytes, the standard deviations of the retention times with respect to the peak width were less than 15% (n = 7). First results on RSDs of peak areas of less than 3% for all but one n-alkane indicate that the technique can also be used for quantification. The combined use of a short GC column and fast temperature gradients does cause some loss of separation efficiency, but the approach is ideally suited for fast screening as illustrated for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphorus pesticides, and triazine herbicides as test compounds. Total analysis times - which included injection, separation, and equilibration to initial conditions - were typically less than 3 min.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis-(1-chloro-3-phenoxy-prop-2-yl)-sulfanes - Nucleophilic Displacement and Regiochemistry. Separation and Assignment of Diastereomers. Synthesis of Diastereomerically Pure TrithiacyclesThe title compounds 1 were substituted by a series of O-, N- and S-nucleophiles (H2O solvolysis, AgOAc, NaN3, KSCN, NaSPh, thiourea). A strong tendency to β-elimination of HCl depending on the kind of the attacking nucleophile was found. In most cases no regioisomerization could be detected in the isolated products of the nucleophilic displacement. Best results were obtained with sulfur nucleophiles. The separation of the diastereomeric mixture of the p-kresyl derivative 1b into the individual diastereomers 1bA and 1bB in a preparative scale was achieved. These 3-thia-1,5-dichlorides and several products of substitution could be assigned to the meso- or (±)-form by examination of the stereochemistry and symmetry of the corresponding sulfoxides.The 1,5-dimercapto derivatives 8 are convenient as structural units for the synthesis of diastereomerically pure cis- or trans-disubstituted trithiacycles e.g. 15bA, 15bB. The (±)-form of the 4,6-disubstituted 2,5,8-trithia[9]-(2,6)-pyridinophane 16bA was characterized by X-ray crystal structure determination.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 339 (1997), S. 646-649 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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