ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

1

Electronic Resource

Encoding textual criticism (1995)

Cover, Robin C. ; Robinson, Peter M. W.

Springer

Computers and the humanities 29 (1995), S. 123-136

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ISSN: 1572-8412

Keywords: SGML ; textual criticism ; electronic text editions ; text encoding ; TEI

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism

Notes: Abstract This paper chronicles the work of the TEI textual criticism working groups through several phases, documenting how and why the design goals were shaped by the requirements of several distinct user communities and by the nature of the textual evidence itself. Encoding schemes for the representation of physical details of textual witnesses were unified with encoding schemes for critical editing practices when it was observed that the two phenomena were inextricably layered and linked within real texts. Rationale is offered for the development teams' adherence to exceedingly general design principles: (a) the requirement that the encoding notations be neutral in text-theoretic terms; (b) the need to accommodate dramatically different text-transmission phenomena and research goals within diverse text-critical arenas; (c) the need for commensurability of the text-critical markup with encoding notations used in closely related text-analytic research. The paper also assesses the results of the effort in terms of the encoding scheme's adequacy for several scholarly purposes: suggestions are made concerning the need for programmatic testing, for refinement, and for extension of the encoding model to support a broader range of text-transmission phenomena and research objectives.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830706

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2

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The Relationship Between Stock Market Returns and Technical Efficiency Innovations: Evidence from the US Airline Industry (1998)

Alam, Ila M. Semenick ; Sickles, Robin C.

Springer

Journal of productivity analysis 9 (1998), S. 35-51

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ISSN: 1573-0441

Keywords: panel data ; productivity ; technical efficiency ; stock market performance ; airline industry

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Economics

Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the association between two firm performance measures: stock market returns and relative technical efficiency. Using linear programming techniques (Data Envelopment Analysis and Free Disposal Hull), technical efficiencies are calculated for a panel of eleven US airlines observed quarterly from 1970–1990. A relationship, between efficiency news in a quarter and stock market performance in the following two months, is found. A risky arbitrage portfolio strategy, of buying firms with the most positive efficiency news and short-selling those with the worst news during this time frame, results in zero beta risk yet yields annual returns of 17% and 18% for the two methodologies.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018368313411

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3

Electronic Resource

Late Holocene eruptive activity at Nevado Cayambe Volcano, Ecuador (1998)

Samaniego, P. ; Monzier, M. ; Robin, C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Bulletin of volcanology 59 (1998), S. 451-459

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ISSN: 1432-0819

Keywords: Key words Tephrochronology ; Pyroclastic flow ; Holocene ; Cayambe Volcano ; Ecuador

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Four Late Holocene pyroclastic units composed of block and ash flows, surges, ashfalls of silicic andesite and dacite composition, and associated lahar deposits represent the recent products emitted by domes on the upper part of Nevado Cayambe, a large ice-capped volcano 60 km northeast of Quito. These units are correlated stratigraphically with fallout deposits (ash and lapilli) exposed in a peat bog. Based on 14C dating of the peat and charcoal, the following ages were obtained: ∼910 years BP for the oldest unit, 680–650 years BP for the second, and 400–360 years BP for the two youngest units. Moreover, the detailed tephrochronology observed in the peat bog and in other sections implies at least 21 volcanic events during the last 4000 years, comprising three principal eruptive phases of activity that are ∼300, 800, and 900 years in duration and separated by repose intervals of 600–1000 years. The last phase, to which the four pyroclastic units belong, has probably not ended, as suggested by an eruption in 1785–1786. Thus, Cayambe, previously thought to have been dormant for a long time, should be considered active and potentially dangerous to the nearby population of the Interandean Valley.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050203

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4

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A field test of inducible resistance to specialist and generalist herbivores using the water lily Nuphar luteum (1998)

Bolser, Robin C. ; Hay, Mark E.

Springer

Oecologia 116 (1998), S. 143-153

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Key words Chemical ecology ; Induced defenses ; Plant-herbivore interactions ; Specialist vs. generalist herbivores ; Water lily

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We tested whether grazing by the specialist beetle Galerucella nymphaeae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) induced resistance to herbivory in the water lily Nuphar luteum macrophyllum (Nymphaeaceae) using both the specialist beetle and the generalist crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Cambaridae). For 2 months, we allowed natural densities of beetles to develop on control plants of Nuphar, while removing beetles every 2–3 days from adjacent plants that were paired by location within our field site. By the end of the 2-month manipulation, beetle grazing had damaged twice as much leaf surface on control plants as on removal plants (30.6% vs. 14.2%, respectively). We then offered tissues from control and removal plants to adult and larval beetles and to crayfish in laboratory assays. Increased levels of previous attack by the specialist beetle either did not affect or increased water lily attractiveness to beetles, but significantly decreased attractiveness to the generalist crayfish. Beetle larvae did not feed preferentially on control vs. removal Nuphar in assays using either immature, undamaged leaves that had not yet reached the pond surface or intermediate aged leaves that had reached the surface and experienced some beetle grazing. Adult beetles consumed significantly more immature leaf tissue from the heavily grazed controls than from the less grazed removal plants but did not discriminate between control and removal leaves of intermediate age in either feeding or oviposition preference. In contrast, generalist crayfish consumed significantly more plant tissue from the less grazed treatment than from the more heavily grazed controls. Crude chemical extracts from Nuphar strongly deterred crayfish feeding, but neither phenolic content, protein content, nor differential effects of crude extracts from control vs. removal plants explained crayfish feeding on control versus removal leaves. Our assays suggest that induced resistance to crayfish may be chemically mediated, but the particular mechanisms producing this response remain unclear. Responses may be due to defensive metabolites that degrade rapidly following extraction.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050573

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5

Electronic Resource

Electrophoretic karyotype of Cercospora kikuchii (1995)

Hightower, Robin C. ; Callahan, Terrence M. ; Upchurch, Robert G.

Springer

Current genetics 27 (1995), S. 290-292

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ISSN: 1432-0983

Keywords: Cercospora kikuchii ; Electrophoretic karyotype ; Genome size Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis Cercosporin biosynthesis

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Classical genetic analyses are not possible with the phytopathogenic fungus Cercospora kikuchii since no sexual stage has been identified. To facilitate gene mapping and to develop an understanding of the genome organization of C. kikuchii, an electrophoretic karyotype has been obtained using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis (CHEF). Eight chromosomes, two of which migrate as a doublet, have been separated into seven bands ranging from 2.0 to 5.5 Mb. Using this determination of chromosome number and size, the total genome size of C. kikuchii is estimated to be 28.4 Mb. In addition, genes encoding tubulin, ribosomal DNA, and four previously isolated light-enhanced cDNAs from C. kikuchii were assigned to chromosomes by Southern-hybridization analysis of CHEF blots.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326163

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6

Electronic Resource

Selective DNA amplification regulates transcript levels in plant mitochondria (1995)

Muise, Robin C. ; Hauswirth, William W.

Springer

Current genetics 28 (1995), S. 113-121

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ISSN: 1432-0983

Keywords: Transcription ; Plant ; Mitochondria ; Copy number ; Gene regulation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Most plant mitochondrial genomes exist as subgenomic-size fragments apparently due to recombination between repetitive sequences. This leads to the possibility that independently replicating subgenomic domains could result in mitochondrial gene copy number variation. We show, through Southern-blot analysis of both restricted and intact mtDNA, that there are gene-specific copy number differences in the monocot Zea mays. Comparison of two different maize genotypes, B37(N) and B37(T), a cytoplasmic male-sterile strain, reveal fewer gene copy number differences for B37(T) than for B37(N). In contrast to maize, significant gene copy number differences are not detected in the dicot Brassica hirta. We also demonstrate that mitochondrial transcriptional rates in both species are apparently dependent on gene copy number since relative rates determined by run-on analysis are proportional to relative gene copy numbers. Thus a direct relationship exists between plant mitochondrial gene copy number and transcriptional rate.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315776

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7

Electronic Resource

Echo-Planar Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess Water Volume in the Distal Small Bowel (1995)

Adkin, Dawn A. ; Gowland, Penny ; Spiller, Robin C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 1134-1139

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ISSN: 1573-904X

Keywords: mannitol ; small intestinal transit ; echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Purpose. Assessment of fluid volumes and flow through the small intestine has in the past only been possible by means of invasive intubation studies on human volunteers. Intubation very likely disturbs gut motility and stimulates secretion. Methods. The aim of this study was to utilise the new technique of echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging in order to non-invasively visualise the changing volume of water in the small intestinal lumen. 200mls of test solution was ingested and water volume assessed using a multi-slice scanning technique on 3 separate days. The solutions were pure water, pure water plus 2.264 or l0g of mannitol. These were taken on separate days by 8 healthy male volunteers. Regions of interest were constructed in the area of the lower pelvis excluding retroperitoneal structures. Results. The water content of the lower small intestine did not change significantly over the 4 hours after the control solution. By contrast after both mannitol solutions there was an increase in the amount of water in the distal intestine as assessed by the area under the curve of the volume time profile (Control 51 ml.h (SD ±47); mannitol 2.264g/200ml 72ml.h (SD ±57); 10g/200ml mannitol 115ml.h (SD ±56)). Page's L Trend test showed that the trend for the volume to increase with increasing mannitol concentration to be statistically significant at the 1% level (L= 108). Conclusions. The study highlights the potential of echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging to visualise changes in gastrointestinal physiology in a non-invasive manner.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016251624220

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8

Electronic Resource

Regional Differences in Quinine Absorption from the Undisturbed Human Colon Assessed Using a Timed Release Delivery System (1999)

Hebden, John M. ; Wilson, Clive G. ; Spiller, Robin C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 1087-1092

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ISSN: 1573-904X

Keywords: transcellular ; paracellular ; absorption ; gastrointestinal

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Purpose. To investigate the regional absorption characteristics of the distal gut using two markers of permeability, quinine (a transcellular probe) and 51CrEDTA (a paracellular probe). Methods. The permeability markers were delivered to the undisturbed gastrointestinal tract in 39 healthy volunteers using an oral timed-release delivery vehicle which allowed pulsed release within a particular site of the gut. Site of release was identified using gamma scintigraphy. Absorption of quinine and 5lCrEDTA was assessed by measuring the percent excretion in the urine using HPLC and gamma counting respectively. Serial plasma samples allowed time-concentration curves for quinine to be plotted. Results. There was a significant trend for diminished absorption with more distal delivery of the transcellular probe, quinine, which was: 6.26 ± 0.87% (small intestine, n = 10); 4.65 ± 0.93% (ascending colon, n = 16); and 2.59 ± 0.52% (transverse colon, n = 10) of the ingested dose excreted respectively (p 〈 0.001). No such gradient was seen with the paracellular marker, 5lCrEDTA. Conclusions. These results suggest that delayed release formuations should aim for release in the distal small bowel and proximal colon if absorption is to be miximised. Absorption by the transcellular route diminishes in the more distal colon, a fact which has implications for delayed or sustained release formulations.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018948102778

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9

Electronic Resource

Stool Water Content and Colonic Drug Absorption: Contrasting Effects of Lactulose and Codeine (1999)

Hebden, John M. ; Gilchrist, Peter J. ; Perkins, Alan C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 1254-1259

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ISSN: 1573-904X

Keywords: colon ; absorption ; EDTA ; quinine ; lactulose ; codeine

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Purpose. By varying stool water content using lactulose and codeine, we investigated the influence of luminal water content on the absorption of quinine, a transcellular probe, and 5lCr-EDTA, a paracellular probe, from the distal gut. Methods. Sixteen volunteers entered a three-way cross-over trial in which absorption of probe markers from a timed-release delivery system was determined following treatment with lactulose 20 mls tds (increasing water content), or codeine 30 gms qds (decreasing water content), and compared with control untreated values. Stool water content was assessed by freeze drying stool samples. Site of release was determined by gamma scintigraphy, and absorption was measured by plasma levels and urinary recovery of the marker probes. Results. Lactulose accelerated ascending colon transit (3.7 ± 0.8 vs 4.5 ± 1.4 hrs, p 〈 0.05), increased stool water content (75 ± 2 vs 71 ± 2%, p 〈 0.01), caused greater dispersion of released material (dispersion score 3.4 ± 0.3 vs 1.8 ± 0.2, p 〈 0.01), and enhanced absorption of the transcellular probe quinine (4.66 ± 0.78 vs 3.02 ± 0.63%, p 〈 0.05) compared to control. Conversely codeine slowed ascending colon transit (8.9 ± 1.8 hrs), reduced stool water content (61 ± 2 vs 71.2%, p 〈 0.05), and tended to diminish absorption (2.60 ± 0.77 vs 3.02 ± 0.63%, p = 0.20). Within the ascending colon specifically, there was a significant trend for treatments increasing luminal water content to enhance quinine absorption (medians: codeine = 1.2%, [n = 8] 〈 control = 2.3%, [n = 5] 〈 lactulose = 3.2%, [n = 7], p 〈 0.01). Delivery site also had an important influence on absorption, with more distal release resulting in less absorption in the control arm (medians: small intestine = 4.4% [n = 5] 〉 ascending colon = 2.3% [n = 5] 〉 transverse colon = 1.5% [n = 6], p 〈 0.005). Conclusions. Lactulose accelerates transit, increases stool water content, and enhances drug absorption from the distal gut whilst codeine slows transit, decreases stool water content, and tends to diminish absorption, compared to controls. We conclude that water content may be an important determinant in colonic drug absorption.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014805815499

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