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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE TRANSLOCON: A Dynamic Gateway at the ER Membrane (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 799-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cotranslational protein translocation across and integration into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occur at sites termed translocons. Translocons are composed of several ER membrane proteins that associate to form an aqueous pore through which secretory proteins and lumenal domains of membrane proteins pass from the cytoplasm to the ER lumen. These sites are not passive holes in the bilayer, but instead are quite dynamic both structurally and functionally. Translocons cycle between ribosome-bound and ribosome-free states, and convert between translocation and integration modes of operation. These changes in functional state are accompanied by structural rearrangements that alter translocon conformation, composition, and interactions with ligands such as the ribosome and BiP. Recent studies have revealed that the translocon is a complex and sophisticated molecular machine that regulates the movement of polypeptides through the bilayer, apparently in both directions as well as laterally into the bilayer, all while maintaining the membrane permeability barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.799
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROAMING THROUGH ASTROPHYSICS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 36 (1998), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.1
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 36 (1998), S. 317-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in the understanding of the chemical processes that occur during all stages of the formation of stars, from the collapse of molecular clouds to the assemblage of icy planetesimals in protoplanetary accretion disks, are reviewed. Observational studies of the circumstellar material within 100-10,000 AU of the young star with (sub)millimeter single-dish telescopes, millimeter interferometers, and ground-based as well as space-borne infrared observatories have only become possible within the past few years. Results are compared with detailed chemical models that emphasize the coupling of gas-phase and grain-surface chemistry. Molecules that are particularly sensitive to different routes of formation and that may be useful in distinguishing between a variety of environments and histories are outlined. In the cold, low-density prestellar cores, radicals and long unsaturated carbon chains are enhanced. During the cold collapse phase, most species freeze out onto the grains in the high-density inner region. Once young stars ignite, their surroundings are heated through radiation and/or shocks, whereupon new chemical characteristics appear. Evaporation of ices drives a "hot core" chemistry rich in organic molecules, whereas shocks propagating through the dense envelope release both refractory and volatile grain material, resulting in prominent SiO, OH, and H2O emission. The role of future instrumentation in further developing these chemical and temporal diagnostics is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.317
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LUMINOUS SUPERSOFT X-RAY SOURCES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 35 (1997), S. 69-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Luminous supersoft X-ray sources were discovered with the Einstein observatory and have been established as an important new class of X-ray binaries on the basis of observations with the Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT). They have extremely soft spectra (equivalent blackbody temperatures of ~15-80 eV) and are highly luminous (bolometric luminosities of 1036-1038 erg s-1). Correcting for the heavy extinction of soft X rays by interstellar neutral hydrogen, their numbers in the disks of ordinary spiral galaxies like our own and M31 are estimated to be of the order of 103. Their observed characteristics are consistent with those of white dwarfs, which are steadily or cyclically burning hydrogen-rich matter accreted onto the surface at a rate of order 10-7 year-1. The required high accretion rates can be supplied by mass transfer on a thermal time scale (106-107 years) from close companion stars that are more massive than the white dwarf accretor, typically 1.3-2.5 . Steady burning can also occur in a post-nova stage, but for shorter time scales, and it has been observed in a few classical novae and symbiotic novae. A few supersoft sources have been found to be recurrent transients. They are possibly connected with very massive white dwarfs accreting at high rates. Luminous supersoft sources may make a considerable contribution to the Type Ia supernova rate in spiral and irregular galaxies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.69
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUDS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 35 (1997), S. 217-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-velocity clouds (HVCs) consist of neutral hydrogen (HI) at velocities incompatible with a simple model of differential galactic rotation; in practice one uses vLSR 90 km/s to define HVCs. This review describes the main features of the sky and velocity distributions, as well as the available information on cloud properties, small-scale structure, velocity structure, and observations other than in 21-cm emission. We show that HVCs contain heavy elements and that the more prominent ones are more than 2 kpc from the Galactic plane. We evaluate the hypotheses proposed for their origin and reject those that account for only one or a few HVCs. At least three different hypotheses are needed: one for the Magellanic Stream and possibly related clouds, one for the Outer Arm Extension, and one (or more) for the other HVCs. We discuss the evidence for the accretion and the fountain model but cannot rule out either one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.217
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF PHARMACEUTICALS: A Biographical Approach (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 153-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses pharmaceuticals as social and cultural phenomena by following their "life cycle" from production, marketing, and prescription to distribution, purchasing, consumption, and finally their efficacy. Each phase has its own particular context, actors, and transactions and is characterized by different sets of values and ideas. The anthropology of pharmaceuticals is relevant to medical anthropology and health policy. It also touches the heart of general anthropology with its long-time interest in the concepts of culture vs nature, symbolization and social transformation, and its more recent concerns with the cultural construction of the body and processes of globalization and localization. The study of transactions and meanings of pharmaceuticals in diverse social settings provides a particularly appropriate empirical base for addressing these new theoretical issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.153
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MACROSCOPIC MANIFESTATIONS OF MICROSCOPIC FLOWS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA: Phenomenology from Simulation (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 63-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in computational physics allow numerical simulation of three-dimensional complex flows through arbitrarily complex geometries. Moreover, new technology for noninvasive imaging provides detailed three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions of porous rocks with a resolution approaching one micron. These two innovations are leading to new understanding of how the microscopic complexity of natural porous media influences fluid transport at a larger, macroscopic scale. This review describes new insights concerning single-phase and multiphase porous flow derived from numerical simulation. In particular, results concerning scaling relations between macroscopic parameters, the scale dependence of transport properties, and viscous coupling in multicomponent flow are emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.63
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MAJOR PATTERNS IN THE HISTORY OF CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 463-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The history of carnivorous mammals is characterized by a series of rise-and-fall patterns of diversification in which declining clades are replaced by phylogenetically distinct but functionally similar clades. Seven such examples from the last 46 million years are described for North America and Eurasia. In three of the seven turnover events, competition with replacement taxa may have driven the decline of formerly dominant taxa. In the remaining four this is less likely because inferred functional similarity was minimal during the interval of temporal overlap between clades. However, competition still may have been important in producing the rise-and-fall pattern through suppression of evolution within replacement taxa; as long as the large carnivore ecospace was filled, the radiation of new taxa into that ecospace was limited, only occurring after the extinction of the incumbents. The apparently inevitable decline of incumbent taxa may reflect the tendency for clades of large carnivorous mammals to produce more specialized species as they mature, leading to increased vulnerability to extinction when environments change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.463
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GIANT VIRUSES INFECTING ALGAE (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 53 (1999), S. 447-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV-1) is the prototype of a family of large, icosahedral, plaque-forming, double-stranded-DNA-containing viruses that replicate in certain unicellular, eukaryotic chlorella-like green algae. DNA sequence analysis of its 330, 742-bp genome leads to the prediction that this phycodnavirus has 376 protein-encoding genes and 10 transfer RNA genes. The predicted gene products of ~40% of these genes resemble proteins of known function. The chlorella viruses have other features that distinguish them from most viruses, in addition to their large genome size. These features include the following: (a) The viruses encode multiple DNA methyltransferases and DNA site-specific endonucleases; (b) PBCV-1 encodes at least part, if not the entire machinery to glycosylate its proteins; (c) PBCV-1 has at least two types of introns-a self-splicing intron in a transcription factor-like gene and a splicesomal processed type of intron in its DNA polymerase gene. Unlike the chlorella viruses, large double-stranded-DNA-containing viruses that infect marine, filamentous brown algae have a circular genome and a lysogenic phase in their life cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.447
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION OF MATERIALS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 29 (1999), S. 327-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The electrophoretic deposition of materials is reviewed. Numerous applications of electrophoretic deposition are described, including production of coatings, free-standing objects, and laminated or graded materials, infiltration of porous materials, and fabrication of woven fiber preforms. The preparation of electrophoretic suspensions is discussed as are a number of mechanisms of deposition that have been proposed elsewhere. In discussing the kinetics of the process, primary attention is given to the relation between the evolution of the current and the electric field strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.327
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