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  • *Extraterrestrial Environment  (8)
  • Transfection  (5)
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1997
    Description: Images of the martian surface returned by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) show a complex surface of ridges and troughs covered by rocks that have been transported and modified by fluvial, aeolian, and impact processes. Analysis of the spectral signatures in the scene (at 440- to 1000-nanometer wavelength) reveal three types of rock and four classes of soil. Upward-looking IMP images of the predawn sky show thin, bluish clouds that probably represent water ice forming on local atmospheric haze (opacity approximately 0.5). Haze particles are about 1 micrometer in radius and the water vapor column abundance is about 10 precipitable micrometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, P H -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bridges, N T -- Britt, D T -- Gaddis, L -- Greeley, R -- Keller, H U -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Jaumann, R -- Johnson, J R -- Kirk, R L -- Lemmon, M -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M C -- Murchie, S L -- Oberst, J -- Parker, T J -- Reid, R J -- Sablotny, R -- Soderblom, L A -- Stoker, C -- Sullivan, R -- Thomas, N -- Tomasko, M G -- Wegryn, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1758-65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. psmith@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; Minerals ; *Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1995-09-01
    Description: Eukaryotic chromosomes are capped with repetitive telomere sequences that protect the ends from damage and rearrangements. Telomere repeats are synthesized by telomerase, a ribonucleic acid (RNA)-protein complex. Here, the cloning of the RNA component of human telomerase, termed hTR, is described. The template region of hTR encompasses 11 nucleotides (5'-CUAACCCUAAC) complementary to the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n. Germline tissues and tumor cell lines expressed more hTR than normal somatic cells and tissues, which have no detectable telomerase activity. Human cell lines that expressed hTR mutated in the template region generated the predicted mutant telomerase activity. HeLa cells transfected with an antisense hTR lost telomeric DNA and began to die after 23 to 26 doublings. Thus, human telomerase is a critical enzyme for the long-term proliferation of immortal tumor cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feng, J -- Funk, W D -- Wang, S S -- Weinrich, S L -- Avilion, A A -- Chiu, C P -- Adams, R R -- Chang, E -- Allsopp, R C -- Yu, J -- AG09383/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Sep 1;269(5228):1236-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7544491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Death ; *Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: The Hubble Space Telescope made systematic observations of the split comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) (P designates a periodic comet) starting in July 1993 and continuing through mid-July 1994 when the fragments plunged into Jupiter's atmosphere. Deconvolutions of Wide Field Planetary Camera images indicate that the diameters of some fragments may have been as large as approximately 2 to 4 kilometers, assuming a geometric albedo of 4 percent, but significantly smaller values (that is, 〈 1 kilometer) cannot be ruled out. Most of the fragments (or nuclei) were embedded in circularly symmetric inner comae from July 1993 until late June 1994, implying that there was continuous, but weak, cometary activity. At least a few nuclei fragmented into separate, condensed objects well after the breakup of the SL9 parent body, which argues against the hypothesis that the SL9 fragments were swarms of debris with no dominant, central bodies. Spectroscopic observations taken on 14 July 1994 showed an outburst in magnesium ion emission that was followed closely by a threefold increase in continuum emission, which may have been caused by the electrostatic charging and subsequent explosion of dust as the comet passed from interplanetary space into the jovian magnetosphere. No OH emission was detected, but the derived upper limit on the H2O production rate of approximately 10(27) molecules per second does not necessarily imply that the object was water-poor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weaver, H A -- A'Hearn, M F -- Arpigny, C -- Boice, D C -- Feldman, P D -- Larson, S M -- Lamy, P -- Levy, D H -- Marsden, B G -- Meech, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1282-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydroxyl Radical/analysis ; *Jupiter ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images reveal major atmospheric changes created by the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. Plumes rose to 3000 kilometers with ejection velocities on the order of 10 kilometers second-1; some plumes were visible in the shadow of Jupiter before rising into sunlight. During some impacts, the incoming bolide may have been detected. Impact times were on average about 8 minutes later than predicted. Atmospheric waves were seen with a wave front speed of 454 +/- 20 meters second-1. The HST images reveal impact site evolution and record the overall change in Jupiter's appearance as a result of the bombardment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hammel, H B -- Beebe, R F -- Ingersoll, A P -- Orton, G S -- Mills, J R -- Simon, A A -- Chodas, P -- Clarke, J T -- De Jong, E -- Dowling, T E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1288-96.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: Hubble Space Telescope far-ultraviolet images of Jupiter during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts show the impact regions darkening over the 2 to 3 hours after the impact, becoming darker and more extended than at longer wavelengths, which indicates that ultraviolet-absorbing gases or aerosols are more extended, more absorbing, and at higher altitudes than the absorbers of visible light. Transient auroral emissions were observed near the magnetic conjugate point of the K impact site just after that impact. The global auroral activity was fainter than average during the impacts, and a variable auroral emission feature was observed inside the southern auroral oval preceding the impacts of fragments Q1 and Q2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, J T -- Prange, R -- Ballester, G E -- Trauger, J -- Evans, R -- Rego, D -- Stapelfeldt, K -- Ip, W -- Gerard, J C -- Hammel, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1302-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1995-05-19
    Description: The high-speed solar wind streaming from the southern coronal hole was remarkably uniform and steady and was confined by a sharp boundary that extended to the corona and chromosphere. Charge state measurements indicate that the electron temperature in this coronal hole reached a maximum of about 1.5 million kelvin within 3 solar radii of the sun. This result, combined with the observed lack of depletion of heavy elements, suggests that an additional source of momentum is required to accelerate the polar wind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Geiss, J -- Gloeckler, G -- von Steiger, R -- Balsiger, H -- Fisk, L A -- Galvin, A B -- Ipavich, F M -- Livi, S -- McKenzie, J F -- Ogilvie, K W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 May 19;268(5213):1033-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7754380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Elements ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ions ; *Solar System ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis/instrumentation
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Infrared Telescope Facility was used to investigate the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter from 12 July to 7 August 1994. Strong thermal infrared emission lasting several minutes was observed after the impacts of fragments C, G, and R. All impacts warmed the stratosphere and some the troposphere up to several degrees. The abundance of stratospheric ammonia increased by more than 50 times. Impact-related particles extended up to a level where the atmospheric pressure measured several millibars. The north polar near-infrared aurora brightened by nearly a factor of 5 a week after the impacts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orton, G -- A'Hearn, M -- Baines, K -- Deming, D -- Dowling, T -- Goguen, J -- Griffith, C -- Hammel, H -- Hoffmann, W -- Hunten, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1277-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/analysis ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Monoxide/analysis ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Solar System ; Temperature ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: Spectroscopic and imaging observations of the Io plasma torus were made in June and July 1994 in conjunction with the encounter of periodic comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. Characteristic emissions from sulfur and oxygen ions showed a decline of about 30 percent in the extreme ultraviolet and an increase of about 40 percent in the far ultraviolet relative to preimpact observations. Changes in the extreme ultraviolet may be indicative of small changes in the torus electron temperature as a result of quenching of electrons by dust associated with the comet passage. However, no new emission features indicative of fragment dust within the torus were detected. The characteristic torus morphology seen in ground-based imaging was typical of that observed in the past.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGrath, M A -- Hall, D T -- Matheson, P L -- Weaver, H A -- Trauger, J T -- Smith, T E -- Thomas, N -- Gladstone, R -- Schneider, N M -- Harris, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1313-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Magnetics ; *Solar System ; Sulfur/analysis ; Temperature
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1995-01-20
    Description: Multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B (MEN2A and MEN2B) and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma are dominantly inherited cancer syndromes. All three syndromes are associated with mutations in RET, which encodes a receptor-like tyrosine kinase. The altered RET alleles were shown to be transforming genes in NIH 3T3 cells as a consequence of constitutive activation of the RET kinase. The MEN2A mutation resulted in RET dimerization at steady state, whereas the MEN2B mutation altered RET catalytic properties both quantitatively and qualitatively. Oncogenic conversion of RET in these neoplastic syndromes establishes germline transmission of dominant transforming genes in human cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Santoro, M -- Carlomagno, F -- Romano, A -- Bottaro, D P -- Dathan, N A -- Grieco, M -- Fusco, A -- Vecchio, G -- Matoskova, B -- Kraus, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jan 20;267(5196):381-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7824936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Alleles ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Mice ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/*genetics ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b/*genetics ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1995-06-02
    Description: Only so-called "professional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of hematopoietic origin are believed capable of inducing T lymphocyte responses. However, fibroblasts transfected with viral proteins directly induced antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vivo, without involvement of host APCs. Fibroblasts induced T cells only in the milieu of lymphoid organs. Thus, antigen localization affects self-nonself discrimination and cell-based vaccine strategies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kundig, T M -- Bachmann, M F -- DiPaolo, C -- Simard, J J -- Battegay, M -- Lother, H -- Gessner, A -- Kuhlcke, K -- Ohashi, P S -- Hengartner, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jun 2;268(5215):1343-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7761853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*immunology ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Fibroblasts/*immunology ; Glycoproteins/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; L Cells (Cell Line) ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/*immunology ; Lymphoid Tissue/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasms/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Viral Proteins/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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