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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (10)
  • Supernormal stimulus  (4)
  • 1995-1999  (14)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential allocation of food by magpies Pica pica to great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius chicks (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Food allocation ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult magpies Pica pica provide parasitic great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius nestlings with a diet very similar to that fed to their own chicks. In both naturally and experimentally parasitized nests, great spotted cuckoo chicks were fed at a higher rate than magpie chicks in the same nest. This preferential allocation of food by magpie parents to great spotted cuckoo chicks is consistent with the supernormal stimulus hypothesis, because this result implies that cuckoo chicks provide stronger stimuli for parental care than host chicks. Great spotted cuckoo chicks receive most of the food brought to the nest by the foster parents, because they exploit a series of stimuli which jointly (or sometimes individually) operate as a supernormal stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that if any stimulus is masked, the efficiency of the cuckoo in eliciting parental care will decrease. Here, we analyze experimentally the effects of two of these stimuli, preferential feeding of large nestlings and of nestlings with conspicuous palatal papillae. Firstly, when we experimentally introduced one medium-sized (7–9 days) cuckoo chick into an unparasitized magpie nest where the largest magpie chick was 12–15 days old, the cuckoo did not receive significantly more food than the average or the largest magpie chick. Secondly, when unparasitized nests were experimentally parasitized with a cuckoo chick that had its gape painted to mimic that of magpie chicks, the parasitic cuckoo received less food than the average magpie chick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050167
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential allocation of food by magpies Pica pica to great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius chicks (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Food allocation ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult magpies Pica pica provide parasitic great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius nestlings with a diet very similar to that fed to their own chicks. In both naturally and experimentally parasitized nests, great spotted cuckoo chicks were fed at a higher rate than magpie chicks in the same nest. This preferential allocation of food by magpie parents to great spotted cuckoo chicks is consistent with the supernormal stimulus hypothesis, because this result implies that cuckoo chicks provide stronger stimuli for parental care than host chicks. Great spotted cuckoo chicks receive most of the food brought to the nest by the foster parents, because they exploit a series of stimuli which jointly (or sometimes individually) operate as a supernormal stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that if any stimulus is masked, the efficiency of the cuckoo in eliciting parental care will decrease. Here, we analyze experimentally the effects of two of these stimuli, preferential feeding of large nestlings and of nestlings with conspicuous palatal papillae. Firstly, when we experimentally introduced one medium-sized (7–9 days) cuckoo chick into an unparasitized magpie nest where the largest magpie chick was 12–15 days old, the cuckoo did not receive significantly more food than the average or the largest magpie chick. Secondly, when unparasitized nests were experimentally parasitized with a cuckoo chick that had its gape painted to mimic that of magpie chicks, the parasitic cuckoo received less food than the average magpie chick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173893
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chick recognition and acceptance: a weakness in magpies exploited by the parasitic great spotted cuckoo (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Chick recognition ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hosts of brood parasites have evolved the ability to discriminate non-mimetic and even mimetic eggs, but not non-mimetic chicks. Here we demonstrate that the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius does not provide its magpie Pica pica host with a super-normal stimulus that helps to avoid recognition, because single cuckoo chicks introduced into otherwise unparasitized magpie nests are not fed at a higher frequency than single magpie chicks introduced to parasitized magpie nests. Another series of experiments demonstrated that magpies have the ability to discriminate cuckoo chicks, mainly when these are introduced at the end of the nestling period, and especially when the cuckoo chick together with a magpie chick is presented to adult magpies outside the nest. This supports the idea that cuckoos exploit the obligatory reaction of magpies to feed all young that have been hatched in their nests and whose “signatures” they have learnt. Furthermore, the experimental cuckoo chicks in parasitized magpie nests were more likely to be accepted than they were in non-parasitized nests. This supports the hypothesis that magpies may learn to recognise their own nestlings as those present in the nest and may indicate that a comparison between cuckoo and magpie nestlings is the basis of discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177403
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chick recognition and acceptance: a weakness in magpies exploited by the parasitic great spotted cuckoo (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Chick recognition ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hosts of brood parasites have evolved the ability to discriminate nonmimetic and even mimetic eggs, but not nonmimetic chicks. Here we demonstrate that the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius does not provide its magpie Pica pica host with a supernormal stimulus that helps to avoid recognition, because single cuckoo chicks introduced into otherwise unparasitized magpie nests are not fed at a higher frequency than single magpie chicks introduced to parasitized magpie nests. Another series of experiments demonstrated that magpies have the ability to discriminate cuckoo chicks, mainly when these are introduced at the end of the nestling period, and especially when the cuckoo chick together with a magpie chick is presented to adult magpies outside the nest. This supports the idea that cuckoos exploit the obligatory reaction of magpies to feed all young that have been hatched in their nests and whose “signatures” they have learnt. Furthermore, the experimental cuckoo chicks in parasitized magpie nests were more likely to be accepted than they were in nonparasitized nests. This supports the hypothesis that magpies may learn to recognise their own nestlings as those present in the nest and may indicate that a comparison between cuckoo and magpie nestlings is the basis of discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050187
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of glucose catabolism through the pentose pathway by the absence of the two pyruvate kinase isoenzymes in Escherichia coli (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 292-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: metabolic engineering ; carbon metabolism ; Escherichia coli mutants ; microbial growth ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli strains devoid of one or both of the two pyruvate kinase isoenzymes (PKA and PKF), were grown on minimal media in batch fermentations. The strain lacking both PKs showed a 28% decrease on its specific growth rate when compared to the wild type. However, protein and CO2 yields did not change. Using radioactive 1-C14 glucose and collecting the CO2 produced by the cultures, it was found that the mutant lacking both pyruvate kinases, metabolized glucose mainly through the pentose pathway (PP). The increased participation of the PP in glucose metabolism in this strain, was also reflected on the levels of the glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:292-295, 1998.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of the system luminol-H2O2-Fe(CN)63- chemiluminescence by the Mn(II) indirect determination of isoniazid in a pharmaceutical formulation (1998)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 13 (1998), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Keywords: chemiluminescence ; flow injection ; isoniazid ; solid-phase reactors ; pharmaceutical analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A flow injection procedure for the indirect chemiluminescent determination of isoniazid is proposed. The method is performed in a flow-injection manifold provided with a solid-phase reactor. The reactor was made from manganese dioxide physically entrapped by polymerization; the redox reaction isoniazid-manganese dioxide released Mn(II) which was monitored through its inhibitory effect on the reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide in presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III). The procedure resulted in a linear calibration graph over the range 5-15 mg/L of isoniazid with a sample throughput of 43 samples/h. The influence of foreign compounds was studied and the method was applied to determination of the drug in a pharmaceutical formulation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of cells' water membrane permeability: Unexpected high osmotic permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 56 (1997), S. 62-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: osmotic shock ; water permeability ; mixing time constant ; mathematical model ; yeast ; leukemia K562 cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Water permeability (Lp), calculated from the volume variations of cells subjected to an osmotic shock, is classically used to characterize cell membrane properties. In this work, we have shown the importance of the kind of mixing reactor used to measure the Lp parameter. A mathematical model including the mixing time constant has been proposed allowing an accurate Lp estimation even though the mixing time constant is higher than the cell time constant obtained in response to a perfect shock. The estimated Lp values of human leukemia K562 cells were found to be the same whatever the mixing time constant. The Lp value of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could not be exactly estimated. However, S. cerevisiae has unexpectedly high water permeability, implying that this yeast may contain water channels in the membrane. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 62-70, 1997.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and conformational studies of peptides containing TOAC, a spin-labelled Cα,α-disubstituted glycine (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Peptide Science 1 (1995), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-2617
    Keywords: β-bend ; 310-helix ; peptide conformational analysis ; spin-labelled amino acid ; TOAC peptides ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variety of host L-alanine homo-peptides (to the pentamer) containing one or two spin-labelled TOAC (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid) residues were synthesized by solution methods and fully characterized. The conformational features of the terminally blocked, doubly spin-labelled-TOAC-(Ala)2-TOAC-Ala- pentapeptide were examined in the crystal state by X-ray diffraction and in solution using a combination of techniques (Fourier transform infrared, circular dichroism, cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance) in comparison with singly labelled shorter peptides. The 310-helical structure of the pentapeptide, promoted by the two Cα,α-disubstituted glycines under favourable experimental conditions, allows an interaction to take place between the two nitroxide TOAC side chains spaced by one turn of the helix. Taken together, these results suggest that TOAC is an excellent probe for exploring bends and helices in doubly labelled peptides.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psc.310010107
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of N-urethane-protected N-carboxyanhydrides (UNCAs) in amino acid and peptide synthesis (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Peptide Science 1 (1995), S. 124-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-2617
    Keywords: β-amino-alcohol ; statine ; UNCAs ; vicinal tricarbonyl compounds ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-Urethane-protected N-carboxyanhydrides (UNCAs) are very reactives. They have been successfully used in peptide synthesis, in both solution and solid phase. We have demonstrated that UNCAs are interesting starting materials for the synthesis of various amino acid derivatives. Chemoselective reduction of UNCAs with sodium borohydride led the corresponding N-protected β amino alcohols. Reaction of UNCAs with Meldrum's acid, followed by cyclisation, yielded enantiomerially pure tetramic acid derivatives. Diastereoselective reduction of tetramic acid derivatives produced (4S,5S)-N-alkoxycarbonyl-4-hydroxy-5-alkylpyrrolidin-2-ones derived from amino acids, which after hydrolysis yielded statine and statine analogues. Tetramic acid derivatives could also be obtained by reaction of UNCAs with benzyl ethyl followed by hydrogenolytic deprotection and decarboxylation. UNCAs also reacted with phosphoranes to produce the ketophosphorane in excellent yields. Subsequent oxidation with oxone or with [bis(acetoxy)-iodol]-benzene produced vicinal tricarbonyl derivatives. These reactions usually proceeded smoothly and with high yields.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psc.310010204
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional electrophoresis of human placental mitochondria and protein identification by mass spectrometry: Toward a human mitochondrial proteome (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 19 (1998), S. 1006-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Silver staining ; Mass spectrometry ; Proteome ; Mitochondria ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Owing to the complexity of higher eukaryotic cells, characterization of a complete proteome is likely to be difficult to achieve. However, advantage can be taken of the cell compartmentalization to build organelle proteomes, which can moreover be viewed as specialized tools to study specifically the biology and “physiology” of the target organelle. Within this frame, we report here the construction of the human mitochondrial proteome, using placenta as the source tissue. Protein identification was carried out mainly by peptide mass fingerprinting, but other methods were also used (N-terminal microsequencing, blotting). The optimization steps in two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis needed for proteome research are discussed. However, the relative paucity of data concerning mitochondrial proteins is still the major limiting factor in building the corresponding proteome, which should be a useful tool for researchers working on human mitochondria and their deficienciesThis work can be found on the Internet at the following address: http://www-dsv.cea.fr/MitoPick/Default.html.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190616
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