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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 97-130 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Valve Materials for Combustion EnginesAn overview is being given on production numbers, requirements and properties of valve materials. Their development from the beginning till today's state of the art is reviewed with a focus on Chromium-Manganese-Nitrogen-alloys. Valve materials are grouped by the criteria of density - heavy, lightweight - and alloying elements. The multiple stresses of the material in the valve are being met with a few standardised grades and specific ways of manufacture. The path of the material from bar stock to the finished valve is being followed. Engine development in the past decades increased the load on the valves which could be met by continuously developing their structural strength. Also the strength of all valve materials could be raised to nominal strength above 1100 Mpa by applying specific methods. Higher strength at the surface is being effectuated by work hardening effects. The technology to increase reliability of hollow valves and new aspects of valve seat facing including residual stress is explicitly discussed. General aspects of alloy utilisation is followed by a discussion of lightweight valve materials as Titanium alloys, intermetallic Titaniumaluminide alloys and ceramic materials, spec. Silicon Nitride, which all have a potential as forthcoming valve materials capable of reducing fuel consumption of the engines.
    Notes: Nach einem Überblick über Produktionszahlen, allgemeine Anforderungen und Eigenschaften von Ventilen für Verbrennungsmotoren, wird in einem Rückblick die Werkstoffentwicklung für die Ventilstähle von den ersten Anfängen bis zum heutigen Stand aufgezeigt. Schwerpunktmäßig wird die Gruppe der Chrom-Mangan-Stickstoff-Stähle behandelt. Daneben werden die Ventilwerkstoffe geordnet nach schweren und leichten und innerhalb dieser Gruppen nach Legierungsmerkmalen beschrieben. Es wird über die vielfältigen Werkstoffanstrengungen am Ventil informiert, die mit wenigen genormten Werkstoffgüten und speziellen Fertigungsverfahren problemlos mit niedrigsten Fehlerraten beherrscht werden. Der Weg des Werkstoffes vom Halbzeug bis zum fertigen Ventil wird in allen Schritten verfolgt. Die in den letzten Dekaden forcierte Motorenentwicklung führte zu verschärften Betriebsbedingungen auch für die Ventile, die mit einer kontinuierlichen Weiterentwicklung bestehender Werkstoffgüten und Verbesserungen der Gestaltsfestigkeit der Ventile aufgefangen wurden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden spezielle Lösungen zur Festigkeitssteigerung aller Ventilwerkstoffe bis in den Bereich von über 1100 MPa erläutert, die nach bekannten metallkundlichen Gesetzen ermöglicht wurden. Als wesentliches Prinzip werden ortsabhängig, besonders an der Oberfläche, erhöhte Festigkeits- und Verschleißeigenschaften zur Optimierung der Gestalts- und Betriebsfestigkeit eingesetzt. Über Entwicklungen zur Technologie der Hohlventile und von erweiterten Lösungen beim Auftragschweißen von Ventilsitzen im Zusammenhang mit Eigenspannungen wird ausführlich berichtet. Einer kurzen allgemeinen Betrachtung zum Legierungsaufwand der wichtigsten Ventilwerkstoffe folgt ein Kapitel über Titan, Intermetallische Verbindungen und Keramik, die möglicherweise als zukünftige leichte Ventilwerkstoffe Verwendung finden können.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of ZrO2 addition on mechanical and tribological properties of TiB2-ZrO2-compositesTiB2-ZrO2-composites were produced by hot-pressing in argon. The mechanical and tribological properties of the composites were investigated in relation to the amount and the type of the ZrO2 added. Addition of ZrO2 reduced the sintering temperature of the TiB2-ZrO2-composites and led to growth inhibition of the TiB2 phase. ZrO2 also increased the bending strength and fracture toughness of the composites. Tribological tests were carried out using laboratory tribometers under unlubricated oscillating sliding contact against Al2O3-, Si3N4- and SiC-counterbodies. Abrasive wear of the ceramics against 80 mesh SiC grits was studied by using an abrasive wheel test. During sliding contact the composites showed high wear resistance but caused extensive wear of the counterbodies and high friction coefficients compaired to self-mated monolithic Al2O3- and ZrO2-ceramics. Volumetric wear loss of the TiB2-ZrO2-composites due to abasive SiC grits was by a factor up to 30 lower than that of a commercial monolithic Al2O3. Wear resistance of the composites increased with decreasing amount of ZrO2 and was higher for the composites with addition of partially stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 than for those with addition of monoclinic ZrO2.
    Notes: TiB2-ZrO2-Mischkeramiken wurden durch Heißpressen hergestellt und mechanische sowie tribologische Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit vom Volumenanteil und der Modifikation des zugegebenen ZrO2 bestimmt. Durch die Zugabe von ZrO2 konnte die zum Erreichen hoher Enddichten notwendige Preßtemperatur auf 1500°C gesenkt und das Kornwachstum des TiB2 verhindert werden. Die Mischkeramiken wiesen gegenüber reiner TiB2-Keramik, bei einer reduzierten Härte, höhere Festigkeiten und Bruchzähigkeiten auf. Die tribologischen Untersuchungen wurden unter ungeschmierter, reversierender Gleitbeanspruchung in Paarung mit Al2O3-, Si3N4- und SiC-Gegenkörpern sowie unter Furchungsbeanspruchung durch SiC-Abrasivpartikel durchgeführt. Im Gleitkontakt zeigten die Mischkeramiken einen hohen Verschleißwiderstand, führten jedoch zu einem starken Verschleiß der keramischen Gegenkörper und hohen Reibungszahlen verglichen mit selbstgepaarten, monolithischen Al2O3- und ZrO2-Keramiken. Unter Furchungsbeanspruchung durch SiC-Abrasivpartikel lag der Verschleißwiderstand der TiB2-ZrO2-Keramiken um einen Faktor biszu 30 höher als der monolithischer Al2O3-Keramik. Der Verschleißwiderstand der TiB2-ZrO2-Kermiken nahm mit abnehmendem ZrO2-Anteil zu und erreichte bei den mit teilstabilisiertem, tetragonalem ZrO2 höhere Werte als bei den mit unstabilisiertem, monoklinen ZrO2 hergestellten Mischkeramiken.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 23 (1910), S. 351-355 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 528-537 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: chlorobenzoic acid ; methylbenzoic acid ; genetically modified strain ; Pseudomonas sp. B13 FR1 SN45P ; batch cultivation ; chemostat ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Degradation of 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3CB), 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4CB), and 4-methylbenzoic acid (4MB) as single substrates (carbon sources) and as a substrate mixture were studied in batch and continuous culture using the genetically modified microorganism Pseudomonas sp. B13 FR1 SN45P. The strain was able to mineralize the single compounds as well as the substrate mixture completely. Conversion of the three compounds in the substrate mixture proceeded simultaneously. Maximum specific substrate conversion rates were calculated to be 0.9 g g-1 h-1 for 3 CB and 4CB and 1.1 g g-1 h-1 for 4MB. Mass balances indicated the transient accumulation of pathway intermediates during batch cultivations. Hence, the rate limiting step in the degradative pathway is not the initial microbial attack of the original substrate or its transport through the cell membrane. Degradation rates on 3CB were comparable to those of the parent strain Pseudomonas sp. B13. The stability of the degradation pathways of strain Pseudomonas sp. B13 FR1 SN45P could be demonstrated in a continuous cultivation over 3.5 months (734 generation times) on 3CB, 4MB, and 4CB, which were used as single carbon sources one after the other.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2047-2056 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polypropylene ; spherulite ; cocrystallization ; lamellae ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During spherulitic crystallization of polymers, there is a tendency for low molecular weight and other less crystallizable entities to be rejected from the body of the spherulites. This rejection process causes a segregation of these species to those areas where spherulites impinge. As a result of this segregation, lamellar and spherulite boundaries have a tendency to become weak, often resulting in premature mechanical failure. The objective of this work, anthropomorphically speaking, is to develop a melt miscible blend system in which a propylene copolymer “fools” a polypropylene homopolymer into rejecting the copolymer to the spherulite boundaries as an impurity. However, once the copolymer arrives at these boundaries, the copolymer subsequently connects adjacent spherulites through cocrystallization of the propylene copolymer segments. It was found that addition of either a random ethylene-propylene copolymer or an isotactic-atactic block copolymer was able to yield the desired effect. Cocrystallization was confirmed by calorimetry, and segregation of copolymer and subsequent reinforcement at the spherulite boundaries was directly observed microscopically. Using this approach, toughness was increased with little loss in stiffness. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2047-2056, 1998
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 39 (1998), S. 478-485 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; protein adsorption ; 2-D PAGE ; drug targeting ; colloidal drug carriers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Plasma protein adsorption patterns on colloidal drug carriers acquired after iv administration depend on their surface characteristics and are regarded as key factors for their in vivo organ distribution. Polymeric latex particles with strongly differing surface properties were synthesized as models for colloidal drug carriers for tissue-specific drug targeting via the intravenous route. Physicochemical characterization was performed for size, surface charge density, zeta potential, and surface hydrophobicity. The interactions with human plasma proteins were studied by way of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). Considerable differences in protein adsorption on the latex particles were detected with regard to the total amount of surface-bound protein on the various particle types as well as specific proteins adsorbed, for example, fibrinogen, albumin, and a recently identified plasma glycoprotein. Possible correlations between protein adsorption patterns and the physicochemical characteristics and topography of the polymeric surfaces are shown and discussed. Knowledge about protein-nanoparticle interactions can be utilized for the rational design of colloidal drug carriers and also may be useful for optimizing implants and medical devices. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 478-485, 1998.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 77 (1964), S. 90-113 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is shown that the ULLMANN-reaction for aromatic nitro-iodo compounds practically occurs quantitatively if iodine is located in the o-position to the nitro group.With a corresponding bifunctional compound, 4,4′-diiodo-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, the same reaction conditions yielded a nitrosubstituted p-polyphenylene, a bright yellow insoluble and infusible powder which decomposes at higher temperature (〉 250°C.). Based on the iodine content (end groups) an average degree of condensation of 52 was calculated; this corresponds to a p-phenylene chain of 104 benzene rings. The polymer is crystalline and has a long period of ca. 30 Å.The investigations of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes were conducted primarily for the influence of nitro substitution on solubility. However, on the whole, nitro substitution rather decreases solubility, although in polar solvents e.g., nitro benzene or dimethyl-formamide considerable solubility increases could be observed. From these it appears reasonable that the nitro substituted p-polyphenylene described above is insoluble.For the synthesis of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes the ULLMANN reaction proved to be very efficient. The iodine compounds needed as starting material were partially obtained by direct iodination with iodine liodic acid.
    Notes: Bei aromatischen Nitrojodverbindungen nimmt die ULLMANN-Reaktion unter verhältnismäßig milden Bedingungen einen praktisch quantitativen Verlauf, wenn sich das Jod in der o-Stellung zu einer Nitrogruppe befindet.Mit einer entsprechenden bifunktionellen Verbindung, dem 4,4′-Dijod-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, konnte unter den gleichen Bedingungen ein nitrosubstituiertes p-Polyphenylen erhalten werden, ein hellgelbes, unlösliches und unschmelzbares Pulver, das sich bei höherer Temperatur (〉 250°C) zersetzt. Auf Grund des Jodgehaltes (Endgruppen) wurde ein mittlerer Kondensationsgrad von 52 berechnet; das entspricht einer p-Phenylenkette aus 104 Benzolringen. Das Polymere ist kristallin und besitzt eine Langperiode von ca. 30 Å.Die Untersuchungen an nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylenen galten vor allem dem Einfluß der Nitrosubstitution auf die Löslichkeit. Im ganzen gesehen wirkt die Nitrosubstitution eher löslichkeitssenkend als -fördernd, wenn auch in polaren Lösungsmitteln wie Nitrobenzol oder Dimethylformamid beachtenswerte relative Löslichkeitssteigerungen zu beobachten sind. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse lassen es verständlich erscheinen, daß das beschriebene nitrosubstituierte p-Polyphenylen unlöslich ist.Für die Synthese der nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylene bewährte sich vor allem die ULLMANN-Reaktion. Die als Ausgangsprodukte benötigten Jodverbindungen konnten z. T. durch direkte Jodierung mit Jod/Jodsäure erhalten werden.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reactions of ground state oxygen atoms with trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, 2-methylpropene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene was investigated in the temperature range 200 to 370K. In this range, the rate constants are (in units 10-11 cm3 s-1): (1.1 ± 0.1) exp[+(180 ± 24)K/T]; (0.98 ± 0.09) exp[+(149 ± 23)K/T]; (1.14 ± 0.13) exp[+(128 ± 33)K/T]; (2.34 ± 0.16) exp[+(250 ± 16)K/T]; and (3.31 ± 0.50) exp[+(257 ± 36)K/T], respectively. The atoms were generated by the H2 laser photolysis of NO and detected by the time resolved chemiluminescence in the presence of NO. The concentrations of the O(3P) atoms were kept so low that secondary reactions with products are unimportant. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 325 (1963), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aceotropic mixtures of SiCl4 and (CH3)3SiCl can be separated by reaction with aqueous HF. (CH3)3SiF is escaping from the reaction mixture in the pure state, whereas HCl and SiF4 (resp. H2SiF6) are remaining in the aqueous solution. Instead of HF, soluble fluorides as NII4F and NH4BF4 can be used, too; the yields are, however, smaller.
    Notes: Gemische von Siliciumtetrachlorid und Trimethylchlorsilan können durch Umsetzen mit wäßriger Flußsäure getrennt werden. Während dabei gebildetes Trimethylfluorsilan in reiner Form entweicht, werden Chlorwasserstoff und Siliciumtetrafluorid (als H2SiF6) von der wäßrigen Lösung festgehalten. Außer HF eignen sich zu dieser Trennung auch andere, in Wasser gelöste Fluoride, wie NH4F oder NH4BF4. Mit diesen sind aber die Ausbeuten weniger hoch.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 330 (1964), S. 195-209 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aqueous solutions of SbF3 exhibit strong fluorinating properties even against easily hydrolyzable methyl chlorosilanes and -silanoles. The fluorination probably proceeds through the preceding hydrolysis of Si—Cl bonds yielding silanole groups. The influence o BF3 · 2 H2O on the fluorination by means of aqueous SbF3 has been studied.C—Cl bonds do not react with SbF3 solutions, in aqueous hydrogen fluoride containing 20-40 weight per cent HF, however, the formation of C—F groups occurs at room temperature. The Si—O—Si bond of methyl chlorodisiloxanes is cleaved by diluted HF, but not by aqueous SbF3.
    Notes: Einfache stark hydrolyseempfindliche Methylchlorsilane und -silanole werden über raschenderweise von wäßrigen Antimontrifluoridlösungen fast ebenso gut fluoriert wie von der wasserfreien Verbindung. Methylchlordisiloxane werden zwar von verdünnter Flußsäure, dagegen nicht von wäßriger Antimontrifluoridlösung gespalten. Der Fluorierung der Si—Cl-Bindung geht offenbar die Hydrolyse zum Silanol voraus. Der Einfluß von Bortrifluorid-dihydrat auf die Fluorierung in wäßriger Antimontrifluoridlösung wird untersucht. Im Gegensatz zur Si—Cl- wird die C—Cl-Bindung von wäßriger Antimontrifluoridlösung nicht, von 20- bis 40proz. Flußsäure bei Raumtemperatur merklich fluoriert.
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