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  • Articles  (316)
  • Springer  (160)
  • Wiley  (156)
  • American Physical Society
  • 1995-1999  (300)
  • 1965-1969  (16)
  • Biology  (316)
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  • Articles  (316)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Na+/H+ exchanger-1 alleles: strain distribution and correlation with activity (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1996), S. 163-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176679
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male chaffinches(Fringilla coelebs) can copy calls from a tape tutor (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 353-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Frühere Studien haben gezeigt, daß Buchfinken, die von Artgenossen isoliert aufgezogen wurden, keine Regenrufe entwickelten und daß sowohl der Regenruf als auch der charakteristische „pink“-Ruf starke regionale Unterschiede zeigten. In der hier vorgestellten Studie wird die Hypothese getestet, daß der Regenruf des Buchfinken während der Individualentwicklung gelernt wird und daß „pink“-Rufe, obwohl sie von isoliert gehaltenen Vögeln entwickelt werden, auch durch Lernen modifizierbar sind. Handaufgezogenen, schottischen Buchfinkenmännchen wurden während der sensitiven Phasen für das Gesangslernen entweder Rufe aus Schottland (n=3 Männchen) oder aus Korsika (n=3 Männchen) vorgespielt. Im Juli 1995 und im Februar/März 1996 wurden 30 s vor und nach zwei täglichen Tonbandgesangsvorspielen auch fünf Wiederholungen eines Regenrufs, dem zwei „pinks“ folgten, präsentiert (Vorspiele insgesamt: Regenrufe 350, „pinks“ 700). Im Frühjahr 1996 (d.h. der ersten Brutsaison der jungen Männchen) wurden regelmäßig Tonbandaufnahmen jedes Individuums erstellt. Nur drei Männchen entwickelten einen Regenruf. In allen Fällen ähnelten die Regenrufe dem des jeweiligen Tutors (Abb. 1). Die „pink“ Rufe in den beiden Versuchsgruppen glichen ebenfalls mehr dem Vorbild als denen der anderen Gruppe. Diese Beobachtungen bestätigen, daß Regenrufe von Vorbildern kopiert werden und daß „pink“-Rufe, obwohl sie auch von in Isolation aufgezogenen Individuen entwickelt werden, ebenfalls durch Lernen modifizierbar sind.
    Notes: Summary The chaffinchFringilla coelebs shows variation in two call types, the rain call and the chink. This has long led to the suggestion that these call types are subject to learning. To test this in the laboratory, male hand-reared chaffinches (n=6) were exposed to different rain calls and chinks recorded a) near St. Andrews, Scotland and b) in Corsica, both during the first three weeks after independence and for a further three weeks in their first breeding season. Not all subjects developed rain calls, but two that did produced ones that clearly resembled their Corsican tutor's call, and their chink was also Corsican rather than Scottish in form. This is the first experimental confirmation of the long standing suggestion that rain calls are learned and also provides evidence that learning plays an important role in chink development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653346
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fitness consequences of ovicide in a parasitoid wasp (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bethylidae ; parasitoid ; ovicide ; superparasitism ; reproductive strategy ; host selection ; parasitoid fitness ; Laelius pedatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ovicide, superparasitism and host rejection are alternative reproductive tactics facing female parasitoid wasps encountering an already-parasitized host. Superparasitism is simply the addition of an egg or a clutch of eggs by the secondary parasitoid, but under ovicide the primary clutch is removed or destroyed. Host rejection occurs if the wasp leaves without laying a clutch. The ectoparasitoid Laelius pedatus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) performs ovicide in this situation. Clutch manipulation experiments show that secondary clutches suffer high mortality in competition with primary clutches, which increases with increasing time delay between clutches. Primary clutches however suffer little in competition with secondary clutches, even if there is minimal time delay between clutches. These data suggest that the offspring of ovicidal females are substantially fitter than the offspring of superparasitizing females. Handling time and clutch size do not differ significantly between first (sole) parasitoids and second (ovicidal) parasitoids. The same is true for offspring survival and development time. However, offspring of second females are slightly smaller. This suggests that parasitized and unparasitized hosts are resources of similar quality when ovicide is performed. These data strongly support the predictions of evolutionary models of ovicide. They may also give some insight into the taxonomic distribution of ovicide in parasitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003044521195
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding Experience Enhances Attraction of Female Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Food Plant Odors (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 415-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Diaprepes abbreviatus ; weevil ; behavior ; learning ; preference ; food ; host-finding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020950303998
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host-finding by cabbage looper moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Learning of host odor upon contact with host foliage (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 899-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; attraction ; learning ; host-finding ; experience ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated female cabbage looper months that were caged with cotton, celery, or soybean foliage were attracted significantly more often than inexperienced moths to the odor of the same species of plant the following night. Moths that were caged with cotton or celery foliage were attracted significantly more often the following night only to the foliage of the same species, and not to the foliage of the other plant species. Brief contact by a moth or a single oviposition on plant foliage was sufficient to increase subsequent attraction to plant foliage. This behavior appears to be associative learning of host odor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208977
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conflict Among Individual Mitochondrial Proteins in Resolving the Phylogeny of Eutherian Orders (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 47 (1998), S. 307-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Mammalian phylogeny — Mitochondrial proteins — Trees of individual proteins — Maximum-likelihood method — ND1 — Convergent evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The phylogenetic relationship among primates, ferungulates (artiodactyls + cetaceans + perissodactyls + carnivores), and rodents was examined using proteins encoded by the H strand of mtDNA, with marsupials and monotremes as the outgroup. Trees estimated from individual proteins were compared in detail with the tree estimated from all 12 proteins (either concatenated or summing up log-likelihood scores for each gene). Although the overall evidence strongly suggests ((primates, ferungulates), rodents), the ND1 data clearly support another tree, ((primates, rodents), ferungulates). To clarify whether this contradiction is due to (1) a stochastic (sampling) error; (2) minor model-based errors (e.g., ignoring site rate variability), or (3) convergent and parallel evolution (specifically between either primates and rodents or ferungulates and the outgroup), the ND1 genes from many additional species of primates, rodents, other eutherian orders, and the outgroup (marsupials + monotremes) were sequenced. The phylogenetic analyses were extensive and aimed to eliminate the following artifacts as possible causes of the aberrant result: base composition biases, unequal site substitution rates, or the cumulative effects of both. Neither more sophisticated evolutionary analyses nor the addition of species changed the previous conclusion. That is, the statistical support for grouping rodents and primates to the exclusion of all other taxa fluctuates upward or downward in quite a tight range centered near 95% confidence. These results and a site-by-site examination of the sequences clearly suggest that convergent or parallel evolution has occurred in ND1 between primates and rodents and/or between ferungulates and the outgroup. While the primate/rodent grouping is strange, ND1 also throws some interesting light on the relationships of some eutherian orders, marsupials, and montremes. In these parts of the tree, ND1 shows no apparent tendency for unexplained convergences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006389
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial Sequence of the Mitochondrial Genome of Littorina saxatilis: Relevance to Gastropod Phylogenetics (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 48 (1999), S. 348-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Littorina saxatilis— Mitochondrial genome — Gastropod phylogenetics — Gene order — Mollusca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A 8022 base pair fragment from the mitochondrial DNA of the prosobranch gastropod Littorina saxatilis has been sequenced and shown to contain the complete genes for 12 transfer RNAs and five protein genes (CoII, ATPase 6, ATPase 8, ND1, ND6), two partial protein genes (CoI and cyt b), and two ribosomal RNAs (small and large subunits). The order of these constituent genes differs from those of other molluscan mitochondrial gene arrangements. Only a single rearrangement involving a block of protein coding genes and three tRNA translocations are necessary to produce identical gene orders between L. saxatilis and K. tunicata. However, only one gene boundary is shared between the L. saxatilis gene order and that of the pulmonate gastropod Cepaea nemoralis. This extends the observation that there is little conservation of mitochrondrial gene order amongst the Mollusca and suggests that radical mitochondrial DNA gene rearrangement has occurred on the branch leading to the pulmonates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006479
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary Analysis of the Multigene Pregnancy-Specific β1-Glycoprotein Family: Separation of Historical and Nonhistorical Signals (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein — RGD motif — Split decomposition — Spectral analysis — Non-neutral evolution — Evolutionary trees — Protein modeling — Structure and function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The pregnancy-specific β1-glycoproteins (PSG) form a large family of closely related proteins. Using newly developed methods of sequence analysis, in combination with protein modeling, we provide a framework for investigating the evolution and biological function of genes like the PSG. Evolutionary trees, based on C-terminal sequence, group PSG genes in a manner consistent with their genomic organization. Trees constructed using the N-terminal domain sequences are unreliable as an indicator of phylogeny because of non-neutral processes of sequence change. During duplication of the PSG genes, evolutionary pressures have resulted in a gradient of constrained change across each gene. The N-terminal domains show a nonrandom pattern of amino acid substitutions clustered in the immunoglobulin complementarity-determining region (CDR)-like regions, which appear to be important in the function of the protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198854
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing the phylogeny of swordtail fishes using split decomposition and spectral analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 666-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Spectral analysis ; Split decomposition ; Hadamard ; Cytochrome b ; D-loop ; Xiphophorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examine ways of testing for the reliability of inference from biological sequence data using sequences from Xiphophorus fishes and newly implemented methodology for sequence analysis. The approach we take provides one means to examine the fit between model and data for different sequences and hence to evaluate heterogeneity between data sets. In the case of the present study we show D-loop sequences to be a better molecule for studying the phylogeny of Xiphophorus fishes than cytochrome b sequences. The results of the split decomposition and spectral analysis confirm an earlier phylogenetic hypothesis which had been based on maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175825
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary analysis of the multigene pregnancy-specific β1-Glycoprotein family: Separation of historical and nonhistorical signals (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein ; RGD motif ; Split decomposition ; Spectral analysis ; Non-neutral evolution ; Evolutionary trees ; Protein modeling ; Structure and function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pregnancy-specific β1-glycoproteins (PSG) form a large family of closely related proteins. Using newly developed methods of sequence analysis, in combination with protein modeling, we provide a framework for investigating the evolution and biological function of genes like the PSG. Evolutionary trees, based on C-terminal sequence, group PSG genes in a manner consistent with their genomic organization. Trees constructed using the N-terminal domain sequences are unreliable as an indicator of phylogeny because of non-neutral processes of sequence change. During duplication of the PSG genes, evolutionary pressures have resulted in a gradient of constrained change across each gene. The N-terminal domains show a nonrandom pattern of amino acid substitutions clustered in the immunoglobulin complementarity-determining region (CDR)-like regions, which appear to be important in the function of the protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198854
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