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  • Chemistry  (55)
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
  • 1995-1999  (22)
  • 1975-1979  (33)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 3431-3440 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: lactide ; polylactide ; polymerization ; mechanism ; stannous octoate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ring-opening polymerization of lactide cyclic monomers in the bulk in the presence of tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (stannous octoate or SnOct2) was reexamined under conditions allowing for the end group characterization of growing chains by high-resolution 1H-NMR. Data collected for low values of the monomer/initiator (M/I) ratio showed that the DL-lactide ring was opened to yield lactyl octoate-terminated short chains. A cationic-type mechanism involving co-initiation by octanoic acid was proposed to account for experimental findings. The formation of a side product, hydroxytin(II) lactate (HTL), was found which appeared able to initiate lactide polymerization and to yield a high molecular weight PLA50 polymer. However the polymerization with stannous octoate was faster than the HTL one. Anyhow, data suggested that both SnOct2 and HTL are likely to act simultaneously as initiators during the polymerization of lactides in the presence of SnOct2. A complete reaction scheme was proposed to account for the presence of the various compounds likely to be formed under these conditions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3431-3440, 1997
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 518-524 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Custom-Tailored Coating-Interface Systems by Means of lon Beam Assisted DepositionA coated sample represents in its most simple form a threefold junction consisting of substrate interface and top layer. In many cases the top layer consists again of several sublayers or the interface contains a modified substrate surface and an interconnection between top layer and interface. An ideal coating technique is evaporation under simultaneous ion bombardment with an ion source it is possible because of several free parameters to come close to an ideal system.For the coating Al/Al2O3 on steel it is shown that the width of a composition gradient between the sublayers Al and Al2O3 can be optimized with respect to excellent corrosion resistance.The example CrxN coating on steel or corrosion and wear resistence demonstrate the ability to optimize the corrosion and wear resistence by modifying the microstructure via variation of the parameters ion energy, ion impact angle, ion to atom ratio and process temperature.Finally, TiN layers on steel were chosen to show that the ion beam parameters influence the porosity and the crystal structure of the coatings. This fact can be used to optimize the corrosion protection or wear reduction obtained by the coating. Especially the multilayer Ti/TiO2/TiN exhibits very interesting properties.
    Notes: Ein beschichtetes Bauteil stellt in seiner einfachsten Form einen Dreierverbund aus Substrat, Interface und Schicht dar, in vielen Fällen kann die Schicht aus mehreren Untersystemen bzw. das Interface aus der modifizierten Substatrandschicht und einem Zwischenbereich zur Schicht bestehen. Eine ideale Beschichtungsmethode sollte es daher erlauben, alle diese Schichten bzw. Schichtbereiche in kontrollierter und aufeinander abgestimmter Form zu erzeugen.Mittels des IBAd-Verfahrens, bei dem Aufdampfschichten während ihrer Abscheidung mit Ionen aus einer Ionenquelle beschossen werden, ist es möglich, infolge der zahlreichen frei wählbaren Parameter sich an das ideale System heranzutasten.Anhand des Verbunds Stahl/Al/Al2O3 wird erlätert, wie durch einen in der Ausdehnung optimierten Zusammensetzungsgradienten das Interface zwischen den Subschichten Al und Al2O3 bezüglich des Korrosionsschutzvermögens der Schicht verbessert werden kann.An CrxN-Schichten wird demonstriert, daß durch die Wahl der Parameter Ionenenergie, Ioneneinfallswinkel, Ionen/Atom-Verhältnis und Prozeßtemperatur über die Mikrostruktur von Schicht und Oberfläche das Verschleiß-und Korrosionsverhalten sowie die Härte angepaßt werden können.Am Beispiel TIN auf Stahl zeigt sich, daß je nach Ionenstrahlparameter die Porosität und damit das Korrosionsverhalten bzw. die Kristallinität und damit Härte und Verschleißverhalten optimiert werden können. Besonders Mehrlagenschichten Ti/TiO2/TiN zeigen interessante Eigenschaften.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Behaviour of light metals with PVD-CrN coatings using different test methodsThe application of thin hard coatings on machining tools, e.g. drilling tools is state of the art. The increase of lifetime of coated Tools compared to uncoated tools is well known. [1]. In this context „separation of functions“ is an often used phrase, by meaning the separation of functions of the volume and the surface of materials. Going one step forward, from the point of view of tribology or corrosion this means, you have „only“ to protect the surface by using a „good“ coating without looking at the material underneath. In the past the influence of substrate materials or the optimization of the system (substrate-coating) was not the main aim of PVD development. Looking at substrate and coating as a system is especially necessary, if the differences of the properties of substrate and coating are large (e.g. hard coating - light metals).This paper shows different aspect of the tribological and electrochemical characterization of PVD coated light metals (CrN coating).
    Notes: Das Aufbringen dünner Hartstoffschichten ist bei tribologisch stark beanspruchten Werkzeugen, wie z. B. bei Dreh- und Umformwerkzeugen., Stand der Technik. Standzeiterhöhungen der beschichteten Werkzeuge im Vergleich zu unbeschichteten Referenzen sind vielfach bestätigt [1].In diesem Zusammenhang ist in vielen Fällen „Funktionstrennung“d. h. eine Trennung der Aufgaben von Werkstoffvolumen und Werkstoffoberfläche, ein zentrales Schlagwort. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, daß tribologische und korrosive Beanspruchungen nur auf Oberflächen wirken und darum nur diese mit einer geeigneten Schicht zu schützen sind. Die Wahl der Substratwerkstoffe oder eine Optimierung des Schicht-Substrat-Verbundes stand oft nicht im Mittelpunkt der PVD - Schichtentwicklung. Betrachtungen zum Schicht-Substrat-Verbund sind jedoch unumgänglich, wenn die Eigenschaften von Schicht und Substrat stark von einander abweichen (z. B. Hartstoffe auf „weichen“ Leichtmetallen im Gegensatz zu Hartstoffen auf hochfesten Stahlsubstraten).Der Beitrag greift wesentliche Aspekte zur mechanisch-tribologischen und elektrochemischen Bewertung hartstoffbeschichteter Leichtmetalle am Beispiel PVD-CrN auf.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface engineering of light weight materials with ion- and plasma-assisted methodsIncreasing applications of light weight materials are expected in the future. Pursuing this trend surface engineering of these materials - especially ion- and plasma-assisted methods - swill be of increasing interest to enhance their wear and corrosion resistance. In a research co-operation some promising methods were examined on different aluminium and titanium alloys to assess their potential to increase the surface properties. Among these were magnetron sputtering of chromium nitride, ion beam assisted deposition of Cr/CrN and Al/A2O3 layers, ion implantation and ion beam assisted nitriding. Compared to the steel substrates the assessment of the mechanical properties such as the critical load of the scratch test of the coated light weight materials is different. Furthermore, it could be shown that both spherical section and glow discharge optical spectroscopy are useful methods to characterize the near-surface zone influenced by ion implantation.
    Notes: Es ist zu erwarten, daß die Anwendungsbreite von Leichtmetall-legierungen in Zukunft noch steigen wird. Mit diesem Trend werden auch oberflächentechnische Methoden - insbesondere ionen- und plasmaunterstützte Verfahren - gefragt sein, um den Verschleiß- und Korrosionswiderstand der Oberflächen zu verbessern. Im Rahmen eines Verbundprojektes wurden verschiedene aussichtsreiche Verfahren untersucht, um ihr Potential zur Verbesserung der Oberflächeneigenschaften von Aluminium- und Titanlegierungen einschätzen zu können. Hierunter befanden sich das Magnetronsputtern von Chromnitrid, die ionenstrahluntersützte Abscheidung von Cr/CrN- und Al/A2O3Schichten, die Ionenimplantation und das Ionenstrahlnitrieren. Im Vergleich mit beschichteten Stahlsubstraten ergeben sich Unterschiede bei der Einschätzung wichtiger mechanischer Eigenschaften, wie der im Ritztest ermittelten kritischen Last. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden daß sowohl der Kalottenschliff als auch die Glimmentladungspektroskopie gut geeignet sind, die durch Ionenimplantation beeinflußte Randzone zu charakterisieren.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 128-132 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Simple Method of Determining Valid Fracture Toughness Data of Cemented CarbidesFrom a comparison of published data it follows that a valid determination of the fracture toughness of cemented carbides depends on the use of samples containing sharp cracks. It is shown that using the technique of controlled fracture experiments sharp cracks of a given length can be introduced easily and reproducibly into bend specimens. A new evaluation method permits the fracture toughness to be calculated without knowing the crack length if the compliance of the pre-cracked specimen is measured. The KIc values determined in this way are characterized by a very small scatter and agree well with data from the literature which were obtained from specimens of similar composition. A comparison of the flaw size calculated from KIc and the bend strength to the failure size detected in fractographic studies shows very good agreement.
    Notes: Ein Vergleich von Literaturergebnissen ergibt, daß die Bruchzähigkeit von Hartmetallen nur dann gültig bestimmt wird, wenn Proben mit scharfen Anrissen benutzt werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß mit Hilfe der Technik des kontrollierten Bruchversuchs scharfe Anrisse vorgegebener Länge in Biegeproben leicht und reproduzierbar erzeugt werden können. Eine neuartige Auswertemethode gestattet es, die Bruchzähigkeit ohne Kenntnis der Rißlänge zu ermitteln, wenn statt dessen die Nachgiebigkeit der Nachgiebigkeit der angerissenen Probe gemessen wird. Die so bestimmten KIc -Werte weisen eine sehr geringe Streuung auf und stimmen mit Literaturwerten, die über ebenfalls scharf angerissene Hartmetalle ähnlicher Zusammensetzung bekannt sind, gut überein. Der Vergleich zwischen der aus KIc und der Bruchspannung berechneten Fehlergröße mit der fraktographisch gefundenen zeigt sehr gute Übereinstimmung.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical Investigation of the Creep Behaviour of a Tube Subjected to Thermal and Mechanical LoadingA tube specimen, in which a constant temperature distribution of axial symmetry is maintained and which is subjected to a constant axial tensile stress is considered. Calculation of the thermal stress and creep strain distribution requires detailed knowledge of the physical properties of the material. A stress analysis, based on successive approximations, is given, which has been extended into the plastic deformation range. As a result, it can be shown that the initial stress pattern is redistributed by time-dependent creep, yielding in a more homogeneous uniaxial stress distribution. From these results a simple formula is derived which gives the steady state stress distribution as well as a characteristic mean or “effective” value of the temperature within the tube wall.
    Notes: Das Kriechverhalten einer zylindersymmetrischen Hohlprobe, die mit einem radialen Temperaturgradienten belegt ist und axial belastet wird, wird theoretisch untersucht. Ausgehend von der genauen Kenntnis der physikalischen Werkstoffeigenschaften wird die elastische Spannungsverteilung berechnet und die Analyse mittels einer numerischen Approximationsmethode auf den nicht-elastischen Bereich erweitert. Es zeigt sich, daß durch zeitabhängige Fließvorgänge Spannungsumverteilungen stattfinden, die schon im Bereich kleiner Dehnungen zu einem einachsigen, stationären Spannungszustand führen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird ein einfacher Ansatz für ein charakteristisches Beanspruchungsprofil abgeleitet, dessen Merkmale die stationäre Spannungsverteilung und eine mittlere Temperatur sind, mit denen das Gesamtkriechverhalten dargestellt werden kann. Der Einfluß lokaler Kriechschädigung auf die Restlebensdauer wird abgeschätzt.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Heteroatom Chemistry 8 (1997), S. 501-503 
    ISSN: 1042-7163
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Modification of the conditions described for the preparation of triarylmethylphosphonous acids from hypophosphorous acid and triarylmethanols allows facile reduction of the C-O-H linkage to the C-H linkage. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 8:501-503, 1997
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Heteroatom Chemistry 9 (1998), S. 485-494 
    ISSN: 1042-7163
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and investigation of chiral cationic dendrimers is described. In these species, cationic sites are provided by quaternary ammonium ion centers derived from the dinitrogen compound 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco). Stereogenic sites within the dendrimer structures are provided by derivitization of the readily available (S)-1,2,4-butanetriol. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9: 485-494, 1998
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Heteroatom Chemistry 9 (1998), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 1042-7163
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several series of polyphosphonium salts have been prepared. These include those in which the cationic sites are located at regular intervals along a linear chain of defined length (“strings”) and those in which the cationic sites are in linkages arrayed in branching arms about a central focus unit (“balloons”). Similarly, polyphosphonium balloon arrays have been attached to a polystyrene backbone providing a material that can serve as an anionic exchange resin. Several of the resultant materials have demonstrated antibacterial activity, in systems analogous to those previously reported for simple functionalized polystyrene species, and continue to be investigated. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:495-502, 1998
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 791-799 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The usual procedure for shifting dynamic mechanical data, involving the construction of a master plot, was compared with a simpler, computer-implemented double shift procedure, which obviates the need for such a construction. Data reproducibility indicates that the double shift may successfully be shifted to frequencies greater than one decade to either side of the experimental range.
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