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  • Articles  (286)
  • Chemical Engineering  (286)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
  • GEOPHYSICS
  • 1995-1999  (34)
  • 1980-1984  (162)
  • 1975-1979  (90)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (286)
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  • Articles  (286)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solidification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with incomplete crystallization (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cooling is a critical step in any crystalline polymer molding or extrusion process. A simulation is proposed which will predict the transient temperature and crystallinity profiles developed when a finite polymeric slab comes in contact with a cooling fluid. A generalized, phenomenological model of the crystallization kinetics of polymers is incorporated to account for the effect of the latent heat of crystallization on the thermal history as well as on the crystalline structure at any point in the slab. The model assumes heterogeneous nucleation and temperature-dependent radial growth of spherulites. DSC cooling thermograms for the polymer are used to verify the kinetic model for comparing experimental measurements against simulated results. Observed spherulite sizes should also be matched by the simulation. Kinetic data have been obtained for two grades of poly(ethylene terephthalate) which have the same growth rate expression but different nucleation characteristics. Crystallinity of these two polymers decreases rapidly as either quench temperatures or nucleation densities are decreased independently. Calculations have been carried out for 1/16 in. thick sheets of polymer exposed to a cooling medium with a heat transfer coefficient of 100 Btu/hr/ft2/°F. Temperature gradients are also presented. The simulation can be used for optimizing quench conditions in polyester film extrusion.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180604
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer blends containing poly(vinylidene fluoride). Part I: Poly(alkyl acrylates) (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The transitional behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) blends with poly(methyl acrylate) and with poly(ethyl acrylate) was examined by differential thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. Both blend systems were judged to be miscible on the bases of the presence of single, composition dependent glass transitions and of the strong melting point depression of the PVF2 component, Blends of poly(isopropyl acrylate) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) were found to be immiscible. These results suggest that miscibility of the acrylate series depends on a specific attractive interaction between the PVF2 and oxygen within the acrylate and the effect of this interaction is diminished as the hydrocarbon content of the ester is increased.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180902
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A rheometer for measuring the viscoelastic response of polymer melts in arbitrary planar and biaxial extensional flow fieldsBased on a paper presented at the VIIIth International Congress of Rheology, Gothenburg, Sweden (1976) (1980)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 535-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we describe the operation of a rheometer that is capable of measuring the viscoelastic response of a polymer melt in a biaxial or planar extensional flow field under circumstances wherein the deformation history can be varied in an arbitrary manner. The principal feature of this rheometer is the use of a closed loop feedback system to control the inflation of a flat, molten polymer sheet clamped around its periphery. The feedback system is especially designed so that either stress or strain can be used as the reference point, thus permitting the deformation history to be varied arbitrarily. Illustrative data are presented on the viscoelastic response of a molten acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer subjected to a planar extensional flow for the following deformation histories: constant stress, constant strain, constant strain rate, oscillatory stress and oscillatory strain.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760200804
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally stimulated creep of polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers, and blends (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technique of Thermo Stimulated Creep (TSC) has been applied to the study of anelastic properties of polyethylene, polypropylene, their copolymers and blends. In the temperature range -200 to 100°C, complex TSC peaks were observed in all samples, namely around 0°C, about the same temperature as for the homopolypolymer polypropylene. By applying “fractional stresses”, with a convenient choice or the loading program, these peaks have been experimentally resolved. Two components can be distinguished: 1. The “low temperature” component is characterized by mechanical retardation times following a compensation law. It has been attributed to microbrownian motions of polypropylene sequences liberated at the glass transition of the “true” amorphous regions. 2. The “high temperature” component which is influenced by thermal treatment has been assigned to microbrownian motions of polypropylene sequences liberated at the glass transition of the “constrained” amorphous regions. In block polymers, an additional TSC peak is observed around -50°C: it has been associated with the glass transition of ethylene-propylene-rubber (EPR) interphase. The coupling of this interphase with polyethylene and polypropylene phases is insured by diffusion of some ethylene and propylene sequences in-EPR. At about -140°C, a TSC peak associated with the low temperature component of the glass transition of polyethylene can be distinguished in all the materials studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240210
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crazing of fibrous polymersIssued on NRCC 17001 (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 923-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Highly oriented filaments of nylon 6 and polypropylene (PP) are shown to craze when deformed slowly at room temperature. A marked yield point occurs at 20-40 percent elongation. After this point extensive voiding occurs until at fracture the overall density is reduced by ∽25 percent for PP and ∽15 percent for nylon 6. SAXS analysis indicates that for PP the voids are elongated in the fiber axis while for nylon 6 voiding occurs both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. Optical and electron microscopy show typical craze structures. The use of etching demonstrates that crazing occurs across the whole filament cross section. This yielding behavior is shown to be associated with the use of a low temperature of drawing during fiber production and becomes less important when a higher temperature of drawing or a separate annealing step are used. The crazing mechanism is thought to involve progressive separation of interfibril boundaries with the production of elongated voids.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181203
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer blends containing poly(vinylidene fluoride). Part IV: Thermodynamic interpretations (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1225-1234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A summary of the transitional behavior of blends containing poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVF2, and various oxygen-containing polymers is presented. These data are used to establish the presence of a single miscible amorphous phase. The depression of the PVF2 melting point in those blends judged to be miscible is analyzed using standard thermodynamic arguments to determine the heats of mixing between the amorphous diluents and the PVF2. These heats of mixing are exothermic indicating the presence of strong interactions between the binary pairs. A comparison between the observed interaction strengths and the dipole moments of the various diluents suggests that the exothermic heats of mixing are the result of strong dipole-dipole interactions. Nearly all the miscible blends with PVF2 show Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) behavior. The direct correlation between the temperature location of this phase instability and the observed interaction strength suggests that the instability is more the result of enthalpic considerations than entropic ones.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181607
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer blends containing poly(vinylidene fluoride). Part III: Polymers containing ester, ketone, or ether groups (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1220-1224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To further investigate the nature of the specific interaction leading to the miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVF2, with certain oxygen containing polymers, blends of PVF2 with poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL, with poly(vinyl methyl ether), PVME, and with poly(vinyl methyl ketone), PVMK, were prepared. PVMK/PVF2 blends were found to be miscible while blends of PVME/PVF2 and PCL/PVF2 were found not to be miscible. These results show that the specific interaction with PVF2 involves mainly the carbonyl group rather than the entire ester group. The relative effectiveness of having this group in the chain or pendant to it is not yet resolved.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181606
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of residual stress and orientation on the fatigue of injection molded polysulfone (1981)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 21 (1981), S. 1173-1180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile fatigue behavior of unnotched injection molded polysulfone specimens has been investigated. The effects of orientation and residual stress were studied by comparing asmolded specimens with annealed or annealed and quenched specimens with a known residual stress pattern. The treatments are shown to have differing effects at high stresses, where failure is by shear yielding and necking, and at intermediate stresses, where failure is by fatigue crack propagation. The geometries of fatigue cracks are described for each case. An attempt is made to separate the effects of crack and craze initiation from crack propagation, and cyclic loading from cumulative time under load.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760211711
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric catenanes (1975)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 70-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A crosslinked polybutadiene containing a cyclic depsipeptide (Valinomycin) has been synthesized in which there is some possibility of threading to produce a catenated structure (polymeric catenane). Unthreaded rings were removed by extraction with toluene. An elemental analysis indicated the yield of threaded rings to be greater than the calculated expected yield. The total amount of threaded Valinomycin present was 0.37 percent. The rings showed no effect on the calorimetric glass transition temperature, but did result in an increase in the tensile modulus.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760150203
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic properties of homogeneous block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 560-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular theory of Rouse-Bueche-Zimm has been modified to predict the viscoelastic behavior of homogeneous block copolymers. The model consists of beads and springs whose magnitudes correspond to the types of blocks in the polymer. Maximum relaxation times can be computed by this model. Viscoelastic data for poly(styrene-b-α-methyl styrene-b-styrene), poly(α-methyl styrene-b-styrene-b-α-methylstyrene) and poly(styrene-b-α-methyl styrene) were determined by stress relaxation methods. The results compare favorably with those predicted by the theory.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170811
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