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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smac agonists sensitize for Apo2L/TRAIL- or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and induce regression of malignant glioma in vivo (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 8 (2002), S. 808-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] A major concern in cancer therapy is resistance of tumors such as glioblastoma to current treatment protocols. Here, we report that transfer of the gene encoding second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) or Smac peptides sensitized various tumor cells in vitro and malignant glioma ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm735
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salmonella infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells: influence on antigen presentation and initiating an immune response (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 27 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Traditionally macrophages (MΦ) have been considered to be the key type of antigen presenting cells (APC) to combat bacterial infections by phagocytosing and destroying bacteria and presenting bacteria-derived antigens to T cells. However, data in recent years have demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC), at their immature stage of differentiation, are capable of phagocytosing particulate antigens including bacteria. Thus, DC may also be important APC for initiating an immune response to bacterial infections. Our studies focus on studying how DC and MΦ process antigens derived from bacteria with no known mechanism of phagosomal escape (i.e. Salmonella typhimurium) for T cell stimulation as well as what role these APC types have in Salmonella infection in vivo. Using an in vitro antigen processing and presentation assay with bone marrow-derived (BM) APC showed that, in addition to peritoneal elicited MΦ and BMMΦ, BMDC can phagocytose and process Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium for peptide presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) and class II MHC-II. These studies showed that both elicited peritoneal MΦ and BMMΦ use an alternate MHC-I presentation pathway that does not require the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) or the proteasome and involves peptide loading onto a preformed pool of post-Golgi MHC-I molecules. In contrast, DC process E. coli and S. typhimurium for peptide presentation on MHC-I using the cytosolic MHC-I presentation pathway that requires TAP, the proteasome and uses newly synthesized MHC-I molecules. We further investigated the interaction of Salmonella with BMDC and BMMΦ by analyzing surface molecule expression and cytokine secretion following S. typhimurium infection of BMDC and BMMΦ. These data reveal that Salmonella co-incubation with BMDC as well as BMMΦ results in upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II as well as several co-stimulatory molecules including CD80 and CD86. Salmonella infection of BMDC or BMMΦ also results in secretion of cytokines including IL-6 and IL-12. Finally, injecting mice with BMDC that have been loaded in vitro with S. typhimurium primes naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to Salmonella-encoded antigens. Taken together, our data suggest that DC may be an important type of APC that contributes to the immune response to Salmonella.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01445.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of curli, a MHC-I-binding bacterial surface structure, on macrophage–T cell interactions (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 30 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Escherichia coli express thin surface fimbriae called curli which bind soluble matrix proteins and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I molecules. The present study addressed the ability of purified curli or curliated E. coli to influence peptide presentation on MHC-I, T cell proliferation and bacterial uptake by macrophages. In vitro studies with curli-proficient E. coli YMel and the isogenic curli-deficient strain YMel-1, both expressing the model antigen Crl–OVA, showed that curli expression by E. coli does not appear to influence the efficiency by which the bacteria are processed by murine macrophages for OVA(257–264) presentation on Kb. Furthermore, curli expression by E. coli did not influence the binding of exogenously added OVA(257–264) peptide to Kb on the surface of prefixed macrophages. In addition, neither curliated nor non-curliated heat-killed bacteria influenced proliferation of either murine or human T cells stimulated with anti-CD3. Finally, curliated E. coli adhered to and were internalized by macrophages from C57BL/6 and MHC-I-deficient TAP1−/− mice equally well. Together these studies show that curli expression by E. coli does not appear to influence phagocytic processing of bacteria expressing Crl–OVA for OVA(257–264)/Kb presentation, the binding of exogenously added OVA(257–264) to Kb or T cell proliferation. In addition, although curli expression by E. coli enhances bacterial interaction with macrophages, curli interaction with MHC-I does not significantly contribute to this adherence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2001.tb01545.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term effects of an insecticide application on non-target arthropods in winter wheat - a field study over 2 seasons (2000)
    Springer
    Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde 73 (2000), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0280
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate) on non-target arthropods in winter wheat were studied throughout two successive seasons in 1998 and 1999. The study particularly focussed on the crop in the growing season after insecticide application (also winter wheat) for detection of potential long-term effects and for determination of the suitability of different sampling methods.The investigations were based on the assumption that arthropod immigration from surrounding areas is limited in large fields. For this reason a simple approach seemed to be feasible. Two plots of equal size (10 ha, adjusted to each other) were defined in a 100 ha field and designated control and treatment plots. Ten sampling points were established on each plot. The following monitoring methods were utilised: visual counting, sweep netting and pitfall trapping. In the first year of investigation, countings and catches were carried out 2 days prior to insecticide application and 2, 16, 30 and 44 days after application. In the next year, they were carried out 365 days and 384 days after insecticide application in the successive crop of winter wheat.At the time of the first sampling prior to insecticide application, the two plots showed significant differences with respect to arthropod density or activity, particularly in visual counting and to a minor degree to sweep netting and pitfall trapping. Lower densities or activities were observed in the plot reserved for treatment. Measures for mathematical equalisation of the results of population densities before pesticide treatment should be considered.After insecticide application, the densities or activities of non-target arthropods decreased, particularly in visual counting and sweep netting. After one year, these effects disappeared to a large extent. Several groups of arthropods reached even higher levels in the treated plot than in the untreated one. The pitfall traps revealed weak activity-decreasing effects in carabids and spiders in the treated plot, but the opposite tendency for staphylinids. Hence, it seems that the conditions in a large field are less homogeneous, and that smaller scale conditions can support processes of recovery in non-target populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0280.2000.00061.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miniaturization of Nitinol Material Fabrication and Processing: Status and Prospects (2002)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 394-395 (May 2002), p. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/06/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.394-395.305.pdf
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of human impact and bedrock differences on the vegetational history of the Insubrian Southern Alps (2000)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 9 (2000), S. 175-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Vegetation history ; Castanea sativa ; Juglans regia ; Ostrya carpinifolia ; Southern Alps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vegetation history for the study region is reconstructed on the basis of pollen, charcoal and AMS14C investigations of lake sediments from Lago del Segrino (calcareous bedrock) and Lago di Muzzano (siliceous bedrock). Late-glacial forests were characterised byBetula andPinus sylvestris. At the beginning of the Holocene they were replaced by temperate continental forest and shrub communities. A special type of temperate lowland forest, withAbies alba as the most important tree, was present in the period 8300 to 4500 B.P. Subsequently,Fagus, Quercus andAlnus glutinosa were the main forest components andA. alba ceased to be of importance.Castanea sativa andJuglans regia were probably introduced after forest clearance by fire during the first century A.D. On soils derived from siliceous bedrock,C. sativa was already dominant at ca. A.D. 200 (A.D. dates are in calendar years). In limestone areas, however,C. sativa failed to achieve a dominant role. After the introduction ofC. sativa, the main trees were initially oak (Quercus spp.) and later the walnut (Juglans regia). Ostrya carpinifolia became the dominant tree around Lago del Segrino only in the last 100–200 years though it had spread into the area at ca. 5000 cal. B.C. This recent expansion ofOstrya is confirmed at other sites and appears to be controlled by human disturbances involving especially clearance. It is argued that these forests should not be regarded as climax communities. It is suggested that under undisturbed succession they would develop into mixed deciduous forests consisting ofFraxinus excelsior, Tilia, Ulmus, Quercus andAcer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01299802
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land quality changes following the conversion of the natural vegetation into silvo-pastoral systems in semi-arid NE Brazil (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 222 (2000), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: indigenous trees ; land quality change ; microbial biomass ; nutrient dynamics ; silvo-pastoral systems ; soil enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The presence of trees in grasslands frequently results in resource islands of higher soil quality. Therefore, some native trees are often preserved or agroforestry species are interplanted when land is cleared for pasture. We evaluated soil quality changes associated with the conversion of a native thorn forest (caatinga) into silvo-pastoral systems in semiarid NE Brazil. Soil nutrients, organic matter, microbial biomass and soil enzymes under native caatinga, the canopy of two preserved native (Ziziphus joazeiro and Spondias tuberosa) and one introduced tree species (Prosopis juliflora), and under a planted pasture of Cenchrus ciliaris were compared. The two preserved tree species maintained high nutrient and organic matter contents and high biological activity levels not only relative to the grass but also relative to the native caatinga. The non-deciduous Z. joazeiro was more effective than the deciduous S. tuberosa, and enriched surface soils by 100 mg P kg-1. The complete replacement of natural caatinga with C. ciliaris pasture or a C. ciliaris–P. juliflora silvopastoral system had, after 14 years, decreased microbial biomass C and N contents, and ß-glucosidase activity, but did not affect soil nutrient or organic matter status. The biological activity under the trees of the tree-grass association was greater than under grass alone, although P. juliflora did not maintain higher nutrient or organic matter levels. The search for indigenous alternatives to the main agroforestry species may provide viable alternatives for improved land management and the conservation of biodiversity. Microbiological and biochemical parameters responded more readily to changes in land management than chemical fertility indices. They are important indices for the impact of vegetation changes and its associated land quality changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004756416281
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