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  • 1
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    Ecology. Food fight drives evolution (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: On page 441 of this issue, evolutionary biologists showcase the purple-throated carib hummingbird as a rare example of food supply--in this case, flower shape--spurring the evolution of a sexual dimorphism, or a feature that differs between males and females. On St. Lucia, an island in the West Indies, female caribs sport bills a third longer and twice as curved as those of their male counterparts--one of the most extreme bill differences between the sexes in any hummingbird species. In the paper, the researchers link these "whoppingly dimorphic bills" to the specific flowers the male and female caribs frequent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):369-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Plant Structures/anatomy & histology ; Saint Lucia ; *Sex Characteristics ; Zingiberales/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Archaeology. New trips through the back alleys of agriculture (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):631-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; Animals ; *Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Cattle/genetics ; *Crops, Agricultural ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; Goats ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Zea mays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: A critical issue in developmental cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy underlying task performance differs in adults and children. Direct comparisons of brain activation in the left frontal and extrastriate cortex were made in adults and children (aged 7 to 10 years) performing single-word processing tasks with visual presentation; differences were found in circumscribed frontal and extrastriate regions. Conceivably, these differences could be attributable exclusively to performance discrepancies; alternatively, maturational differences in functional neuroanatomy could exist despite similar performance. Some of the brain regions examined showed differences attributable to age independent of performance, suggesting that maturation of the pattern of regional activations for these tasks is incomplete at age 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlaggar, Bradley L -- Brown, Timothy T -- Lugar, Heather M -- Visscher, Kristina M -- Miezin, Francis M -- Petersen, Steven E -- NS32979/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS51281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS55582/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1476-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. schlaggarb@neuro.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aging ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Child ; Cognition ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Humans ; *Language ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mental Processes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Tangled roots? Genetics meets genealogy (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Kathryn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1634-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Commerce ; DNA/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Entrepreneurship ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Medical ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation ; *Pedigree ; Y Chromosome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Anthrax. A 'sure killer' yields to medicine (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1813-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Anthrax/complications/diagnosis/*drug therapy/history ; Bacillus anthracis/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; Child ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; Clindamycin/therapeutic use ; Disease Susceptibility ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Pleural Effusion/complications/diagnosis/microbiology/therapy ; Prognosis ; Rifampin/therapeutic use ; Russia ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Vital involvement of a natural killer cell activation receptor in resistance to viral infection (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-08
    Description: Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that can be distinguished from T and B cells through their involvement in innate immunity and their lack of rearranged antigen receptors. Although NK cells and their receptors were initially characterized in terms of tumor killing in vitro, we have determined that the NK cell activation receptor, Ly-49H, is critically involved in resistance to murine cytomegalovirus in vivo. Ly-49H requires an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing transmembrane molecule for expression and signal transduction. Thus, NK cells use receptors functionally resembling ITAM-coupled T and B cell antigen receptors to provide vital innate host defense.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, M G -- Dokun, A O -- Heusel, J W -- Smith, H R -- Beckman, D L -- Blattenberger, E A -- Dubbelde, C E -- Stone, L R -- Scalzo, A A -- Yokoyama, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):934-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rheumatology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11340207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; *Antigens, Ly ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Herpesviridae Infections/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Lectins, C-Type ; Ligands ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Muromegalovirus/*immunology ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Immunologic/*immunology ; Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Germline transmission and tissue-specific expression of transgenes delivered by lentiviral vectors (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-12
    Description: Single-cell mouse embryos were infected in vitro with recombinant lentiviral vectors to generate transgenic mice carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene driven by a ubiquitously expressing promoter. Eighty percent of founder mice carried at least one copy of the transgene, and 90% of these expressed GFP at high levels. Progeny inherited the transgene(s) and displayed green fluorescence. Mice generated using lentiviral vectors with muscle-specific and T lymphocyte-specific promoters expressed high levels of GFP only in the appropriate cell types. We have also generated transgenic rats that express GFP at high levels, suggesting that this technique can be used to produce other transgenic animal species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lois, Carlos -- Hong, Elizabeth J -- Pease, Shirley -- Brown, Eric J -- Baltimore, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 1;295(5556):868-72. Epub 2002 Jan 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Blotting, Southern ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Lineage ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Recombinant ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryo, Mammalian/*metabolism/virology ; Female ; Gene Dosage ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Silencing ; Genes, Reporter ; *Genetic Vectors ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; HIV-1/genetics ; Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/genetics ; Lentivirus/*genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Skeletal/embryology/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proviruses/genetics ; Rats ; *Transgenes ; Virus Integration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Resetting of circadian time in peripheral tissues by glucocorticoid signaling (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: In mammals, circadian oscillators reside not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain, which harbors the central pacemaker, but also in most peripheral tissues. Here, we show that the glucocorticoid hormone analog dexamethasone induces circadian gene expression in cultured rat-1 fibroblasts and transiently changes the phase of circadian gene expression in liver, kidney, and heart. However, dexamethasone does not affect cyclic gene expression in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This enabled us to establish an apparent phase-shift response curve specifically for peripheral clocks in intact animals. In contrast to the central clock, circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues appear to remain responsive to phase resetting throughout the day.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balsalobre, A -- Brown, S A -- Marcacci, L -- Tronche, F -- Kellendonk, C -- Reichardt, H M -- Schutz, G -- Schibler, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2344-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departement de Biologie Moleculaire, Sciences II, Universite de Geneve, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneve, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Dexamethasone/analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Kidney/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mutation ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Rats ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Single neurons in the monkey hippocampus and learning of new associations (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: The medial temporal lobe is crucial for the ability to learn and retain new declarative memories. This form of memory includes the ability to quickly establish novel associations between unrelated items. To better understand the patterns of neural activity during associative memory formation, we recorded the activity of hippocampal neurons of macaque monkeys as they learned new associations. Hippocampal neurons signaled learning by changing their stimulus-selective response properties. This change in the pattern of selective neural activity occurred before, at the same time as, or after learning, which suggests that these neurons are involved in the initial formation of new associative memories.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wirth, Sylvia -- Yanike, Marianna -- Frank, Loren M -- Smith, Anne C -- Brown, Emery N -- Suzuki, Wendy A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1578-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Performance monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex during saccade countermanding (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Consensus is emerging that the medial frontal lobe of the brain is involved in monitoring performance, but precisely what is monitored remains unclear. A saccade-countermanding task affords an experimental dissociation of neural signals of error, reinforcement, and conflict. Single-unit activity was monitored in the anterior cingulate cortex of monkeys performing this task. Neurons that signaled errors were found, half of which responded to the omission of earned reinforcement. A further diversity of neurons signaled earned or unexpected reinforcement. No neurons signaled the form of conflict engendered by interruption of saccade preparation produced in this task. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the anterior cingulate cortex monitors the consequences of actions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ito, Shigehiko -- Stuphorn, Veit -- Brown, Joshua W -- Schall, Jeffrey D -- P30-EY008126/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH55806/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):120-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Wilson Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Fixation, Ocular ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Macaca radiata ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Saccades ; Visual Pathways
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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