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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lightpath Versus Semi-Lightpath: Some Studies on Optimal Routing in WDM Optical Networks (2000)
    Springer
    Photonic network communications 2 (2000), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8188
    Keywords: WDM ; optical networking ; routing ; wavelength assignment ; lightpath ; semi-lightpath ; shortest path algorithm ; blocking probability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of optimal dynamic routing in WDM optical networks with wavelength-changing facilities available at some of the nodes. The route may be either a lightpath (i.e., wavelength continuous channel) or a semi-lightpath (i.e., wavelength-converted channel). We attempt to estimate in this work the gain in blocking probability, when we move from lightpath routing to semi-lightpath routing, keeping the number of wavelengths fixed, in a given circuit switched network. We ensure optimal (minimum cost) routing in both the cases by using the algorithm of Banerjee et al. [7,8] (called Algorithm-I in this paper) for lightpaths and that of Chlamtac et al. [6] (called Algorithm-II) for semi-lightpaths. Our results indicate that, for both the algorithms, the blocking probability (P B), as expected, increases with network load. At light load, P B for Algorithm-I is always larger than that for Algorithm-II. But the rate of increase in P B is slightly higher in case of Algorithm-II, so that there is a crossover point where P B for Algorithm-II exceeds P B for Algorithm-I. This probably happens due to the irregularities in the semi-lightpaths at heavy loads when almost all routes are exhausted in the network. However, since this crossover phenomenon occurs at a very congested status of the network, it has little significance over the real life operation of a network. It only suffices to indicate that, under heavy load, both the algorithms are equally insufficient, and conversion does not improve the situation as might have been expected intuitively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010036422970
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Optical Layer Lightpath Management Protocol for WDM AONs (2000)
    Springer
    Photonic network communications 2 (2000), S. 185-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8188
    Keywords: all-optical networks (AONs) ; WDM ; lightpath management ; optical layer protocol ; specification ; communicating finite state machine (CFSM) ; validation and reachability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this work, we propose a control protocol for lightpath management in the optical layer of all-optical networks (AONs). AONs follow a layered structure, as used by various network standards, where each layer communicates with its peer through Protocol Data Units (PDUs). In the context of Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model (RM), a new layer, called optical layer, has been introduced in the AON architecture to manage the lightpath related functions. The optical layer lies in between the physical layer and the data link layer. The objective of this paper is to define a specification for an optical layer protocol for managing lightpaths in AONs. In order to study the dynamics of the optical layer protocol system, we first employ the communicating finite state machine model to represent the protocol. Then a reachability analysis of the model is performed to verify the protocol. This paper shows how the optical layer protocol can be specified formally and made error-free by the step-wise refinement of an initial specification, where validation is done after each refinement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010040523879
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  • 3
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    A phosphatase associated with metastasis of colorectal cancer (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: To gain insights into the molecular basis for metastasis, we compared the global gene expression profile of metastatic colorectal cancer with that of primary cancers, benign colorectal tumors, and normal colorectal epithelium. Among the genes identified, the PRL-3 protein tyrosine phosphatase gene was of particular interest. It was expressed at high levels in each of 18 cancer metastases studied but at lower levels in nonmetastatic tumors and normal colorectal epithelium. In 3 of 12 metastases examined, multiple copies of the PRL-3 gene were found within a small amplicon located at chromosome 8q24.3. These data suggest that the PRL-3 gene is important for colorectal cancer metastasis and provide a new therapeutic target for these intractable lesions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saha, S -- Bardelli, A -- Buckhaults, P -- Velculescu, V E -- Rago, C -- St Croix, B -- Romans, K E -- Choti, M A -- Lengauer, C -- Kinzler, K W -- Vogelstein, B -- CA 62924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA43460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1343-6. Epub 2001 Oct 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Oncology Center, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoma/enzymology/genetics/pathology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 ; Colon/enzymology ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Gene Amplification ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Library ; Humans ; Immediate-Early Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology ; Neoplasm Metastasis/*genetics ; Neoplasm Proteins ; Neoplasm Staging ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*genetics/metabolism ; Rectum/enzymology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Mutational analysis of the tyrosine kinome in colorectal cancers (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bardelli, Alberto -- Parsons, D Williams -- Silliman, Natalie -- Ptak, Janine -- Szabo, Steve -- Saha, Saurabh -- Markowitz, Sanford -- Willson, James K V -- Parmigiani, Giovanni -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Vogelstein, Bert -- Velculescu, Victor E -- CA43460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA62924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):949.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*enzymology/*genetics ; Computational Biology ; *DNA Mutational Analysis ; Exons ; Fusion Proteins, gag-onc/genetics ; Guanylate Cyclase/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptor, EphA3/genetics ; Receptor, trkB/genetics ; Receptor, trkC/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Equal-Curvature X-ray Telescope Designs for Constellation-X Mission (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We study grazing incidence Equal-Curvature telescope designs for the Constellation-X mission. These telescopes have nearly spherical axial surfaces. The telescopes are designed so that the axial curvature is the same on the primary and secondary. The optical performance of these telescopes is for all practical purposes identical to the equivalent Wolter telescopes.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: SPIE Optical Science and Technology Annual Meeting; Aug 03, 2003 - Aug 08, 2003; San Diego, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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