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  • 2000-2004  (328)
  • 1935-1939  (42)
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  • 1
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    Long-Term Trends of Inorganic Chlorine from Ground-Based Infrared Solar Spectra: Past Increases and Evidence for Stabilization (2003)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of geophysical research-atmospheresD8), 108, 4252 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Long-term time series of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate(ClONO2) total column abundances have been retrieved from high spectralresolution ground-based solar absorption spectra recorded withinfrared Fourier transform spectrometers at nine NDSC(Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) sites in bothNorthern and Southern Hemispheres. The data sets span up to 24years and most extend until the end of 2001. The time series ofCly (defined here as the sum of the HCl and ClONO2 columns) from thethree locations with the longest time span records show rapid increasesuntil the early 1990s superimposed on marked day-to-day, seasonal andinter-annual variability. Subsequently, the buildup in Cly slowsand reaches a broad plateau after 1996, also characterized byvariability. A similar time evolution is also found in the totalchlorine concentration at 55 km altitude derived fromHalogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) global observations since 1991.The stabilization of inorganic chlorine observed in both the totalcolumns and at 55 km altitude indicates that the near-global 1993organic chlorine (CCly) peak at the Earth?s surface has now propagatedover a broad altitude range in the upper atmosphere, though the timelag is difficult to quantify precisely from the current data sets dueto variability. We compare the three longest measured time serieswith two-dimensional model calculations extending from 1977 to 2010,based on a halocarbon scenario that assumes past measured trendsand a realistic extrapolation into the future.The model predicts broad Cly maxima consistent with the long-termobservations, followed by a slow Cly decline of 12-14% relative to thepeak by 2010. The data reported here confirm the effectiveness of theMontreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments in progressivelyphasing out the major man-related perturbations of the stratosphericozone layer, in particular, the anthropogenic chlorine-bearing source gases.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Validation of ENVISAT-1 Level-2 Products related to lower Atmosphere O3 and NOy Chemistry by an FTIR Quasi-Global Network (2003)
    In:  EPIC3Proceedings of the Envisat Validation Workshop 〈9-13 December 2002, Frascati, Italy〉, (ESA SP-531), ESA Publication Division.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE POSTPRECIPITATION OF ZINC SULFIDE WITH BISMUTH SULFIDE1 (1938)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 42 (1938), S. 531-539 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100899a009
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE POSTPRECIPITATION OF NICKEL SULFIDE WITH COPPER, MERCURIC, AND ZINC SULFIDES1 (1938)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 42 (1938), S. 541-545 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100899a010
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous, noninvasive measurements of convective heat transfer and solid volume fraction at the wall of an entrained gas–solid suspension (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 2922-2927 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe an instrument for local, instantaneous, noninvasive, simultaneous measurements of solid volume fraction and convective heat transfer at the wall of a vertical tube containing a relatively dense, entrained suspension of gas and fine solids. The instrument combines a small platinum coil and a guarded capacitance sensor. The capacitance sensor records instantaneous solid volume fraction in the near vicinity of the wall. The coil is maintained at constant temperature by a rapid anemometer bridge circuit. The vessel is wrapped in electric heaters to avoid artificially high rates associated with developing heat transfer and to minimize conduction losses from the coil. Using a model capturing these losses, convective heat transfer rates are inferred from the power input to the coil. The instrument is tested in a cold circulating fluidized bed riser. The temporal response of the thermal sensor is faster than 30 ms. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150711
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Model for Optimization of Biomarker Testing Frequency to Minimize Disease and Cost: Example of Beryllium Sensitization Testing (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A common problem with medical surveillance programs using biomarkers is determining the optimal frequency of testing to minimize adverse health effects and cost. In the case of beryllium-exposed workers, frequency of testing for beryllium sensitization may be especially important. Recent studies indicate a lack of dose response for beryllium sensitization, but do support a dose response for the development of chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Though unproven, this implies that early identification of sensitization and immediate removal from exposure may reduce development of CBD. A model is proposed to project the optimal frequency of sensitization testing using the current beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) to minimize disease-related costs, assuming that a positive BeLPT will precede CBD. Conversion rates for cumulative exposure to disease development were adapted from the literature and used with testing costs and cost of disease estimates in the model. The model was run assuming several test frequency regimes. Results support the use of periodic testing in line with the annual schedule proposed in the Final Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program Rule (1999) following initial testing within three months of first beryllium exposure. The financial and health benefits of reducing the time from exposure to detection of early disease was also explored with the model and demonstrated as a highly desirable characteristic for an alternative test or improved BeLPT. Limitations of the approach are discussed as well as options for adapting this biomarker optimization methodology to consider biomarkers of other exposure-associated diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2003.00396.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of Geostatistics to Risk Assessment (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Geostatistics offers two fundamental contributions to environmental contaminant exposure assessment: (1) a group of methods to quantitatively describe the spatial distribution of a pollutant and (2) the ability to improve estimates of the exposure point concentration by exploiting the geospatial information present in the data. The second contribution is particularly valuable when exposure estimates must be derived from small data sets, which is often the case in environmental risk assessment. This article addresses two topics related to the use of geostatistics in human and ecological risk assessments performed at hazardous waste sites: (1) the importance of assessing model assumptions when using geostatistics and (2) the use of geostatistics to improve estimates of the exposure point concentration (EPC) in the limited data scenario. The latter topic is approached here by comparing design-based estimators that are familiar to environmental risk assessors (e.g., Land's method) with geostatistics, a model-based estimator. In this report, we summarize the basics of spatial weighting of sample data, kriging, and geostatistical simulation. We then explore the two topics identified above in a case study, using soil lead concentration data from a Superfund site (a skeet and trap range). We also describe several areas where research is needed to advance the use of geostatistics in environmental risk assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00372
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Internationalisation of UK R&D (2001)
    London, UK : The Institute for Fiscal Studies
    Fiscal studies 22 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Policies to promote research and development (R&D) are high on the government's agenda. R&D and innovation are seen as key drivers of economic growth and important for raising UK productivity. This paper considers recent trends in UK R&D performance. We show that UK R&D is more internationalised than that of other G5 countries and is becoming increasingly so at a faster rate. A rising share of UK R&D is funded from abroad and UK firms are undertaking more of their R&D overseas. Using an international panel of countries, we show that R&D in one country responds to a change in the price in another ‘competitor’ country. This suggests that UK innovation policies could play an important role in determining whether increasingly footloose R&D locates in the UK or moves overseas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2001.tb00045.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why Has the UK Corporation Tax Raised So Much Revenue? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 25 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyse a puzzle in the UK corporation tax: by both historic and international standards, corporation tax revenues have been high while the statutory rate has been reduced. We consider explanations based on changes in the tax law and in economic factors. Changes in the tax law, such as base-broadening measures through reductions in capital allowances, can explain only part of the puzzle. Among the economic explanations, an increase in the size of the corporate sector, mainly caused by expansion of the service sector and improvements in profitability of the financial sector, seems the most likely. To the extent that higher profits, particularly financial sector profits, may have led to high revenues, there are doubts as to whether revenues will continue to be so strong.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2004.tb00543.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Speed limit of frozen pellets (H2, D2, and Ne) through single-loop and multiloop tubes and implications for fusion plasma research (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 273-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Frozen pellets (H2, D2, and Ne at 8 K) of nominal 2.7 mm diam were shot through a coiled tube (single loop of (approximate)0.6 m diam and 8.5 mm bore), and the speed limit for survival was recorded for each pellet type. Intact H2 pellets were observed at speeds approaching 500 m/s; but neon pellets could not survive much more than 100 m/s. The speed limit for D2 pellets fell in the middle at (approximate)300 m/s. Some D2 pellets were also shot through a 30 m coiled tube consisting of 11 loops (average loop diameter of (approximate)0.8 m), and a speed limit of (approximate)100 m/s was observed. Injection of frozen H2 or D2 pellets is commonly used for core fueling of magnetically confined plasmas, and frozen neon pellets are sometimes used for impurity transport studies in similar experiments. The results from these tests add to a pellet database for injection lines with single- and complex multiple-curved guide tubes. All of the information to date suggests that frozen pellets can be delivered reliably from a pellet source to any accessible plasma location on a fusion device via "roller-coaster" tubes as long as the pellet speed is maintained below a threshold limit. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1331322
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