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  • 1
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    Creative cognition : theory, research, and applications (2000)
    Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
    Details
    Keywords: Cognition. ; Creative thinking. ; Imagery (Psychology) ; Visualization.
    Pages: vi, 239 p.
    Edition: 1st pbk. ed
    ISBN: 0-585-03104-5
    URL: http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=1709
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 19-Norsteroids (1964)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: 19-Norsteroids ; Androstane ; Estrone ; Steroids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review describes approaches for improved preparations of 19-norsteroids. They are based on novel total syntheses of estrone and on intramolecular functionalization and elimination of the C-19 methyl group in androstane derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.196403531
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  • 3
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    Laboratory multiple-crystal X-ray topography and reciprocal-space mapping of protein crystals: influence of impurities on crystal perfection (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Double-axis multiple-crystal X-ray topography, rocking-curve measurements and triple-axis reciprocal-space mapping have been combined to characterize protein crystals using a laboratory source. Crystals of lysozyme and lysozyme crystals doped with acetylated lysozyme impurities were examined. It was shown that the incorporation of acetylated lysozyme into crystals of lysozyme induces mosaic domains that are responsible for the broadening and/or splitting of rocking curves and diffraction-space maps along the direction normal to the reciprocal-lattice vector, while the overall elastic lattice strain of the impurity-doped crystals does not appear to be appreciable in high angular resolution reciprocal-space maps. Multiple-crystal monochromatic X-ray topography, which is highly sensitive to lattice distortions, was used to reveal the spatial distribution of mosaic domains in crystals which correlates with the diffraction features in reciprocal space. Discussions of the influence of acetylated lysozyme on crystal perfection are given in terms of our observations.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography (ISSN 0907-4449); Volume 57; Pt 6; 840-6
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Diffraction and imaging study of imperfections of crystallized lysozyme with coherent X-rays (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Phase-contrast X-ray diffraction imaging and high-angular-resolution diffraction combined with phase-contrast radiographic imaging were employed to characterize defects and perfection of a uniformly grown tetragonal lysozyme crystal in the symmetric Laue case. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of a 4 4 0 rocking curve measured from the original crystal was approximately 16.7 arcsec and imperfections including line defects, inclusions and other microdefects were observed in the diffraction images of the crystal. The observed line defects carry distinct dislocation features running approximately along the 〈1 1 0〉 growth front and have been found to originate mostly in a central growth area and occasionally in outer growth regions. Inclusions of impurities or formations of foreign particles in the central growth region are resolved in the images with high sensitivity to defects. Slow dehydration led to the broadening of a fairly symmetric 4 4 0 rocking curve by a factor of approximately 2.6, which was primarily attributed to the dehydration-induced microscopic effects that are clearly shown in X-ray diffraction images. The details of the observed defects and the significant change in the revealed microstructures with drying provide insight into the nature of imperfections, nucleation and growth, and the properties of protein crystals.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography (ISSN 0907-4449); Volume 60; Pt 4; 621-9
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Phase sensitive x-ray diffraction imaging of defects in biological macromolecular crystals (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Conventional x-ray diffraction topography is currently used to map defects in the bulk of protein crystals, but the lack of sufficient contrast is frequently a limiting factor. We experimentally demonstrate that this barrier can be circumvented using a method that combines phase sensitive and diffraction imaging principles. Details of defects revealed in tetragonal lysozyme and cubic ferritin crystals are presented and discussed. The approach enabling the detection of the phase changes of diffracted x rays should prove to be useful in the study of defect structures in a broad range of biological macromolecular crystals.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Physical review letters (ISSN 0031-9007); Volume 87; 14; 148101
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Quality factors for alpha particles emitted in tissue (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A concept of a mean or dose averaged quality factor was defined in ICRP Publication 26 using relationships for quality factor as a function of LET. The concept of radiation weighting factors, wR, was introduced in ICRP Publication 60 in 1990. These are meant to be generalized factors that modify absorbed dose to reflect the risk of stochastic effects as a function of the quality of the radiation incident on the body or emitted by radioactivity within the body. The values of wr are equal to 20 for all alpha particles externally or internally emitted. This note compares the dose averaged quality factor for alpha particles originating in tissue using the old and revised recommendations for quality factor as a function of LET. The dose averaged quality factor never exceeds 20 using the old recommendations and is never less than 20 with the revised recommendations.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Health physics (ISSN 0017-9078); Volume 82; 1; 102-4
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    The Influence of Surface Morphology and Diffraction Resolution of Canavalin Crystals (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Canavalin crystals grown from material purified and not purified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography were studied by atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction. After purification, resolution was improved from 2.55Angstroms to 2.22Angstroms and jagged isotropic spiral steps transformed into regular, well polygonized steps.
    Keywords: Solid-State Physics
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  • 8
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    Diffraction and Imaging Study of Imperfections of Protein Crystals with Coherent X-rays (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: High angular-resolution x-ray diffraction and phase contrast x-ray imaging were combined to study defects and perfection of protein crystals. Imperfections including line defects, inclusions and other microdefects were observed in the diffraction images of a uniformly grown lysozyme crystal. The observed line defects carry distinct dislocation features running approximately along the 〈110〉 growth front and have been found to originate mostly in a central growth area and occasionally in outer growth regions. Slow dehydration led to the broadening of a fairly symmetric 4 4 0 rocking curve by a factor of approximately 2.6, which was primarily attributed to the dehydration-induced microscopic effects that are clearly shown in diffraction images. X-ray imaging and diffraction characterization of the quality of apoferritin crystals will also be discussed in the presentation.
    Keywords: Solid-State Physics
    Type: American Crystallographic Association Annual Meeting; Jul 17, 2004 - Jul 22, 2004; Chicago, IL; United States
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  • 9
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    Perfection of Apoferritin Crystals: An Advanced X-Ray Imaging and Diffraction Study (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Ferritin is a well-known iron-storage protein, and is a spherical shell that consists of 24 identical subunits packed in a 432 symmetry. The typically large protein size and its distinction from lysozyme as to chemical and physical characteristics make ferritin an attractive model protein for crystal growth and perfection investigation-as an alternative to the most widely studied lysozyme. In this contribution, the latest results obtained from coherence-based x-ray diffraction imaging and diffraction experiments will be presented on octahedral apoferritin (a demetalized form of ferritin) crystals grown from various growth conditions. Crystal specimens, which have the measured rocking-curve widths varying from a few arcseconds to several tens arcseconds (or more), are comparatively examined by intrinsically highly sensitive mapping of lattice perfection and defects. The richness of the observed defects and growth features offers insight into perfection and growth of protein crystals. Beautiful interference fringe patterns formed in diffraction images and fine oscillation structure of rocking curves observed will be discussed for understanding of physical origins and the underlying impact.
    Keywords: Solid-State Physics
    Type: American Crystallographic Association Conference; Jul 26, 2003 - Jul 31, 2003; Covington, KY; United States
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  • 10
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    Phase Sensitive X-Ray Diffraction Imaging of Defects in Biological Macromolecular Crystals (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Characterization of defects and/or disorder in biological macromolecular crystals presents much greater challenges than in conventional small-molecule crystals. The lack of sufficient contrast of defects is often a limiting factor in x-ray diffraction topography of protein crystals. This has seriously hampered efforts to understand mechanisms and origins of formation of imperfections, and the role of defects as essential entities in the bulk of macromolecular crystals. In this report, we employ a phase sensitive x-ray diffraction imaging approach for augmenting the contrast of defects in protein crystals.
    Keywords: Solid-State Physics
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