ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PREFACE. - 1 WATER: AN IMPORTANT AND UNIQUE SUBSTANCE. - Introduction. - Water Structure. - Structure of the Water Molecule. - Hydrogen Bonding. - Physical and Chemical Properties of Liquid Water. - Density. - Melting and Boiling Points. - Heat Capacity. - Heat of Vaporization. - Surface Tension. - Absorption of Radiation. - Water as a Solvent. - 2 THE WATER AND ENERGY CYCLES: OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. - Introduction: Major Water Masses. - The Water Cycle. - Fluxes between Reservoirs. - Geographic Variations in Precipitation and Evaporation. - Origin of Water on the Earth. - Energy for the Water Cycle: The Energy Cycle. - Introduction. - Radiation and Energy Balance. - Variations in Solar Radiation: The Atmospheric and Oceanic Heat Engine. - Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Oceanic Circulation. - Introduction. - Wind-Driven (Shallow) Circulation. - Coastal Upwelling. - Thermohaline (Deep) Circulation. - Carbon Dioxide and the Atmospheric Greenhouse. - Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide - Present, Past, and Future. - Climatic and Hydrologic Effects of CO2 (and Trace Gas) Increase. - 3 RAINWATER AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY. - Introduction. - Formation of Rain (and Snow). - Water Vapor in the Atmosphere. - Condensation. - Sublimation. - Rain (and Snow) Formation. - Air Motion in Cloud Formation. - Aerosols. - Types of Aerosols. - Sea-Salt Particles. - Soil and Mineral Dust - Continental Aerosols. - Volcanic Particles. - Biogenic Aerosols and Aerosols from Forest Burning. - Gaseous Emissions. - Other Anthropogenic Aerosols. - Dry Deposition of Aerosols. - Chemical Composition of Rainwater: General Characteristics. - Na+, Mg++, K+, Ca++, and Cl- in Rain. - Gases and Rain. - Gas-Rainwater Reactions. - Gases and Cl- in Rain. - Sulfate in Rain: The Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle. - Sea-Salt Sulfate. - Anthropogenic SO2. - Conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfate in Rain. - Sulfate from the Natural Biogenic Production of Reduced Sulfur Gases. - Volcanic Sulfur. - Forest Burning. - Soil Dust Sulfate. - Plant Aerosols. - Sulfate Deposition in Rain. - Dry Deposition of Sulfur. - Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle. - Nitrogen in Rain: The Atmospheric Nitrogen Cycle. - N2, Nitrogen Fixation, and Total Nitrogen Fluxes. - Organic Nitrogen in Rain. - Nitrate in Rain: Natural Sources. - Nitrate in Rain: Anthropogenic Sources. - Nitrate Deposition in Rain and the Nitrate-Nitrogen Cycle. - Ammonium in Rain: Atmospheric Ammonium-Nitrogen Cycle. - (NH4)2SO4 Aerosol Formation: Interaction of N and S Cycles. - Acid Rain. - The pH of Natural Rainwater. - Acid Rain from Pollution. - Problems in Distinguishing Naturally Acid Rain from that Due to Pollution. - Effects of Acid Rain. - 4 SOIL WATER AND GROUNDWATER: WEATHERING. - Introduction and Hydrologic Terminology. - Biogeochemical Cycling in Forests. - Soil Water and Microorganisms: Acid Production. - Chemical Weathering. - Minerals Involved in Weathering. - Mechanism of Silicate Dissolution. - Silicate Weathering Reactions: Secondary Mineral Formation. - Silicate Weathering: Soil Formation. - Carbonate Weathering. - Sulfide Weathering. - Groundwaters and Weathering. - Garrels' Model for the Composition of Groundwaters from igneous Rocks. - Origin of Major Constituents of Groundwater: A Summary. - 5 RIVERS. - Introduction. - River-Water Components. - River Runoff. - Major World Rivers. - Suspended Matter in Rivers. - Total Amount of Suspended Matter. - Human Influence. - Chemical Composition of Suspended Matter. - Chemical Composition of Rivers. - World Average River Water. - Chemical Classification of Rivers. - Major Dissolved Components of River Water. - Chloride and Cyclic Salt. - Sodium. - Potassium. - Calcium and Magnesium. - Bicarbonate (HCO-3). - Silica. - Sulfate. - Sulfate Pollution and Acidic Rivers. - Organic Matter. - Chemical and Total Denudation of the Continents as Deduced from River-Water Composition. - Nutrients in River Water. - Nitrogen in Rivers: The Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle. - Phosphorus in Rivers: The Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycle. - 6 LAKES. - Introduction. - Physical Processes in Lakes. - Water Balance. - Thermal Regimes and Lake Classification. - Lake Models. - Biological Processes in Lakes as They Affect Water Composition. - Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Biological Cycling. - Eutrophication. - Limiting Nutrients. - Phosphorus Cycle in Lakes. - Sources of Phosphorus in Lakes. - Pollutive Changes in Major Lakes: Potential Loading. - Acid Lakes. - Saline and Alkaline Lakes. - 7 MARGINAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTS: ESTUARIES. - Introduction. - Estuaries. - Circulation and Classification. - Estuarine Chemistry: Conservative versus Nonconservative Mixing. - Estuarine Chemical Processes. - Inorganic Removal in Estuaries. - Biogenic Nutrient Removal in Estuaries: Nitrogen and Phosphorus. - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Limiting Nutrients. - Biogenic Silica Removal in Estuaries. - Eutrophication and Organic Matter Pollution of Estuaries. - Suspended Sediment Deposition in Marginal Marine Environments. - Antiestuaries and Evaporite Formation. - 8 THE OCEANS. - Introduction. - Chemical Composition of Seawater. - Modelling Seawater Composition. - Sillén's Equilibrium Model. - Oceanic Box Models. - Continuum Models. - Energy Sources for Chemical Reactions. - Major Processes of Seawater Modification. - Biological Processes. - Volcanic-Seawater Reaction. - Interaction with Detrital Solids. - Chemical Budgets for Individual Elements. - Summary of Processes. - Chloride. - Sodium. - Sulfate. - Magnesium. - Potassium. - Calcium. - Bicarbonate. - Silica. - Phosphorus. - Nitrogen. - INDEX.

Description / Table of Contents: In this book the study of natural waters is approached via a discussion, on an elementary level, of the geological, biological, physical, and anthropogenic factors which control the chemical composition of rainwater, groundwater, rivers, lakes, estuaries, and the oceans. The approach is worldwide in scope and includes quantitative estimates of the relative importance of various natural and human processes on water composition and cycling of the major elements. The book provides an integrated approach to global geochemistry and environmental problems and introduces the reader to some fundamental concepts of geology, oceanography, meteorology, environmental science, and limnology. It provides an extensive and valuable source of data for professionals while at the same time being understandable to anyone with an elementary science background.