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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,009)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (1,602)
  • 1955-1959  (407)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure efficiency relationships of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas productionStructure efficiency relationships for quarternary ammonium compounds as corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production were investigated in the system mild steel/aqueous NaCl solution (5 weight%, CO2 saturated) at T = 298 K and T = 343 K by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and weight loss measurements. In-situ EIS measurements rapidly gave relatively accurate results on differential inhibitor efficiencies. Composition, thickness and inhibitor content of the inhomogeneous 3-D protecting layers formed on highly pure iron surfaces were determined by XPS measurements. The inhibition mechanism of the inhibitor used could be determined by its distribution within the 3-D protecting surface layer and is interpreted in terms of the interphase inhibition concept.
    Notes: Struktur-Wirkungs-Prinzipien von quartären Ammoniumverbindungen als Korrosionsinhibitoren für die Rohöl- und Erdgasförderung wurden anhand von Elektrochemischer Impedanz Spektroskopie (EIS) und Gewichtsverlustmessungen in Systemen C-Stahl/wäßrige NaCl-Lösung (5 Gew.%, CO2-gesättigt) bei T = 298 K und T = 343 K untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß in-situ EIS Messungen rasch relativ genaue Resultate über differentielle Inhibitorwirksamkeiten liefern. Aus XPS Untersuchungen an Oberflächen aus Reinsteisen ließen sich Zusammensetzung, Dicke und Inhibitorgehalt der sich auf dem Substrat bildenden inhomogenen 3-D Deckschichten bestimmen. Der Wirkungsmechanismus des verwendeten Inhibitors konnte aus seiner Verteilung innerhalb der 3-D Deckschicht mit dem Konzept der Interphaseninhibition gedeutet werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The composition and the chemical states of components of Zircaloy-4 (zirconium alloy) surfaces were studied in the temperature range between room temperature and 500°C. Each sample was kept at constant temperature (25, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500°C) for up to 16 hours. The changes of composition and chemical states of the Zircaloy-4 surface during heating were monitored by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Originally, the components form well-defined layers elucidated by angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). In contrast to depth profiling using ion sputtering, ARXPS is non-destrutive. However, it is applicable for layers of up to a few nanometres thickness only.The experiments showed a decomposition of the ZrO2 coverage above 200°C accompanied by oxygen diffusion into the bulk. These processes lead to the reduction of ZrO2 to metallic zirconium on the surface at 300°C and higher temperatures. The oxygen diffusion into the bulk was indicated by AES depth profiles. The layered structure observed up to a heating temperature of 200°C could not be seen at higher temperatures. After Zr metal appears at the surface during the heating process, a reaction with the adsorbed hydrocarbons takes place, leading to the formation of zirconium carbide.Though the depth resolution of an AES depth profile does not permit identification of layers with thicknesses in the nanometre region, the temperature-dependent behaviour of oxyen is reflected by its AES profiles, showing features in accordance with the results from ARXPS, especially with respect to the fact that well-defined layers vanish above 200°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 9 (1986), S. 357-365 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The application of UHV surface analytical methods to the study of electrodes and surface layers may be affected by changes introduced by contact with the laboratory atmosphere. Therefore, a specimen preparation and transfer in a closed system with its specifications is described. Three examples of its application are discussed: the examination of the electrode - electrolyte interface on Cu and the study of the formation of passive anodic oxides on Fe and on Fe—Cr alloys in 1 M NaOH.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 40 (1989), S. 572-575 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Emissionsspektren von reinen und dotierten Poly(methylmethacrylat)-Filmen wurden registriert und im Hinblick auf die Verwendung der Filme als Lumineszenz-Solarenergie-Konzentratoren diskutiert. Als Dotierungssubstanzen wurden polyaromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe und einige Farbstoffe eingesetzt. Die meisten emittierten Banden erscheinen im Bereich 700 bis 400 nm, wenn die dotierten PMMA-Filme mit UV-Licht angeregt werden.
    Notes: The emission spectra of pure and doped poly(methyl methacrylate) films are recorded and discussed with respect of using the films as luminescence solar concentrators. The doping materials are polyaromatic hydrocarbons and some dyes. Most of the emitted bands appear in the region 700 to 400 nm when the doped PMMA films are excited with UV radiation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: CERT tests on line pipe steels for corrosion risks by hydrogen containing gases under high pressureNotched and unnotched round tensile specimens of line pipe steels were subjected to constant extension rate testing in autoclaves. The testing included pulling the specimens at a slow strain rate to fracture as well as slow strain rate cyclic loading. Besides base material, welded joints with varying hardness values ranging up to 400 HV were tested. Testing environments were inert gases (N2, Ar, air, natural gas), 70 bar H2 and various mixtures of H2 and natural gas. In all gases, fracture occurred in the region of highest plastic deformation. When H2 was present in the environment secondary cracking and fractions of brittle fracture were found on the fracture surface, their extent being reduced by the presence of O2 and CO. No crack growth occurs in H2 environment under cyclic loading when there is no plastic deformation. For the range investigated, there is no influence of hardness on the resistance of the materials to cracking, but surface finish and notch acuity exercise a strong influence.
    Notes: Gekerbte und ungekerbte Rundzugproben aus Leitungsrohr-Stählen wurden in Autoklaven CERT-Belastungen ausgesetzt. Die Versuche wurden mit langsamen Dehnraten bis zum Bruch und mit zyklischer Belastung durchgeführt. Die Werkstoffe waren z.T. geschweißt und hatten unterschiedlich harte Bereiche bis zu 400 HV. Als Prüfgase dienten inerte Gase (N2, Ar, Luft, Erdgas), 70 bar H2 und Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische. In allen Gasen traten Brüche in Bereichen mit größter plastischer Verformung auf. In Gegenwart von H2 werden Nebenrisse und Sprödbruchanteile an den Bruchflächen beobachtet, deren Ausmaß durch CO und O2 vermindert wird. Bei einer zyklischen Belastung ohne plastische Verformung in der Zugphase wachsen Risse in H2 nicht weiter. Innerhalb des untersuchten Bereiches haben die Werkstoffhärte keine, die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit und Kerbfaktoren aber eine große Bedeutung für die Rißbeständigkeit.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 36 (1985), S. 203-215 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress corrosion cracking of unalloyed steels in liquid ammoniaIn this work is reported on investigations about stress corrosion cracking of steels in liquid ammonia aimed at ascertaining the parameters and the ranges within which they are effective, finding the mechanism responsible for the damage of spherical pressure vessels and developing protective measures. The investigations are based partly on corrosion tests in which welded Jones samples of various unalloyed and low alloyed steels in different states of heat treatment were immersed in ammonia for long periods in a spherical ammonia storage vessel.For laboratory tests we used an apparatus specially developed to enable round tensile test bars to be tested in liquid ammonia under CERT conditions at the open circuit potential and under electrochemical control. In these tests selectively added impurities were determined quantitatively by gas chromatography.The results of the investigations show that the oxygen content of the ammonia has a decisive influence on the initiation of stress corrosion cracking in unalloyed steels. Even low O2 concentrations (ßß2 ppm) lead to a risk of stress corrosion cracking. Addition of water in sufficient quantity inhibits the stress corrosion cracking.The water concentration needed to inhibit corrosion differs according to the material concerned (StE 355: 〉 500 ppm; H I: 〉 650 ppm; StE 460: 〉 1000 ppm H2O). The different stress corrosion behaviour of the investigated steels under residual and operating stresses shows their different sensitivity. So in absence of stress relieve heat treatment only Jones samples of StE 355 remained crack-free.Investigations into the influence of potential on crack formation showed that the damage follows an anodic crack formation mechanism, since it is capable of being reinforced anodically and inhibited cathodically. Similarly the inhibitive effect of water is reduced by anodic polarization. But stress corrosion cracking cannot be induced by anodic polarization alone, i.e. in the absence of O2.As a practical conclusion it may be said that the presence of oxygen - even in traces - must be avoided.Addition of water inhibits stress corrosion cracking; these additions are therefore recommended wherever they are possible.Containers should be made of StE 355 and they should be stress relieve annealed.Cathodic protection is considered appropriate, but the practicability under operating conditions has to be still investigated.
    Notes: In dieser Arbeit wird über Untersuchungen zur SpRK von Stählen in flüssigem Ammoniak berichtet, deren Ziel es war, Einflußgrößen und ihre Wirkgrenzen zu bestimmen, Aufschluß über den Mechanismus der an Kugeldruckbehältern aufgetretenen Schäden zu erlangen und Schutzmaßnahmen zu ermitteln. Zu diesem Zweck wurden langzeitige Auslagerungsversuche mit geschweißten Jones-Proben aus verschiedenen unlegierten und niedriglegierten Stählen unterschiedlicher Wärmebehandlungszustände in einer Ammoniakkugel durchgeführt.Für Laborversuche wurde eigens eine Apparatur entwickelt, mit der Untersuchungen in flüssigem Ammoniak an Rundzugstäben unter CERTConstant Extension Rate Test-Bedingungen beim Freien Korrosionspotential und unter elektrochemischer Kontrolle durchgeführt werden konnten. Gezielt zugesetzte Verunreinigungen wurden hierbei mittels eines Gaschromatographen quantitativ bestimmt.Aus den Untersuchungen geht der entscheidende Einfluß des Sauerstoffgehalts im Ammoniak auf die Entstehung von Spannungsrißkorrosion an unlegierten Stählen hervor. Bereits geringe O2-Mengen (ßß 2 ppm) bewirken eine Spannungsrißkorrosionsgefahr. Wassergehalte können die Spannungsrißkorrosion inhibieren. Hierbei werden bezüglich der erforderlichen Menge Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Werkstoffen sichtbar (StE 355: 〉 500 ppm, H I: 〉 650 ppm, StE 460: 〉 1000 ppm H2O). Eine werkstoffseitige Differenzierung wird auch in bezug auf den Einfluß von Eigen- und Betriebsspannungen deutlich. Lediglich Jones-Proben aus StE 355 blieben ohne Spannungsarmglühung rißfrei.Versuche zur Potentialabhängigkeit der Rißbildung weisen aus, daß die Schädigung einem anodischen Rißbildungsmechanismus folgt, da sie anodisch verstärkt und kathodisch verhindert werden kann. Ebenso wird die inhibitive Wirkung des Wassers durch eine anodische Polarisation eingeschränkt. Jedoch ist durch anodische Polarisation allein, d.h. ohne Gegenwart von O2, Spannungsrißkorrosion nicht zu erzielen.Für die Praxis kann zusammengefaßt werden: Sauerstoffgehalte - auch in Spuren - sind zu vermeiden.Wasserzusatz inhibiert die Spannungsrißkorrosion; Zusätze von Wasser sind daher - soweit möglich - zu empfehlen.Behälter sollen aus StE 355 gebaut und spannungsarm geglüht werden.Kathodischer Schutz ist denkbar, sofern es gelingt, diesen in der Praxis zu verwirklichen.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 38 (1987), S. 498-506 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sulfidierung von Fe-Mn-Legierungen und Mn bei hohen TemperaturenDie Sulfidierung von Fe-Mn-Legierungen mit 20-50% Mn und von reinem Mn wurde bei 973 K, 1073 K und 1173 K in H2-H2S Atmosphären bei konstantem pS2 oder konstantem pH2S/pH2 untersucht, unter Bedingungen, bei denen nur MnS gebildet wird. Die Sulfidierungskinetik ist vorwiegend parabolisch, aber bedingt durch zwei verschiedene Diffusionsvorgänge. Bei der Sulfidierung der Fe-Mn-Legierungen bei 973 K und 1073 K ist die Diffusion der Mn-Atome in der Legierung der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Vorgang, und es wird eine verzahnte Grenzfläche Sulfidschicht/Legierung beobachtet. Bei 1173 K erfolgt ein Übergang zur Kontrolle der Sulfidierungsgeschwindigkeit durch Diffusion des Mn in der Sulfidschicht und ein Übergang von der verzahnten Grenzfläche zur ebenen Grenzfläche.
    Notes: The sulfidation behaviour of a range of Fe-Mn alloys and pure Mn were studied at 973 K, 1073 K, and 1173 K in H2-H2S atmospheres at constant pS2 or constant pH2S/pH2. The sulfidation kinetics were parabolic in most cases, but two different diffusion processes affect the kinetics. In the sulfidation of the Fe-Mn alloys at 973 K and 1073 K, the diffusion of manganese atoms in the alloy is the rate-determining step and an interlocked scale/alloy interface is observed. At 1173 K there is a transition to rate-control by the diffusion of manganese in the sulfide scale connected with transition from rugged to a planar scale/alloy interface.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 27 (1989), S. 1611-1627 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 4,4′-Diethynyldiphenylmethane thermally polymerizes by a free radical mechanism to a highly crosslinked structure of interest as a high temperature composite matrix resin. The polymerization reaction was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and microdi-electrometry. The predominant reaction mechanism appears to be linear polymerization through the acetylene end groups, which follows first-order kinetics. However, during the early stages of reaction a second, more rapid polymerization mechanism is evident; it is postulated that this is the formation of a cyclic trimer, which is kinetically favored but sterically prohibited as the crosslinked network grows. Formation of a liquid crystalline trimer is hyppthesized; such intermediate formation is supported by intensity increases in the aromatic region of the NMR spectra, by FTIR difference spectroscopy comparisons with model compounds, and by enhancement of conductivity as observed by microdielectrometry.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1 (1959), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Information is presented on those physical properties where measurement is greatly facilitated by thermal stability greater than previously known in polyoxymethylenes, and properties of a mechanical nature characteristic of high molecular weight polymeric materials. The high molecular weight polyoxymethylenes studied possess the characteristic properties of a semicrystalline material in the high molecular weight range. The melting point, stiffness, and tensile strength of these materials substantially exceed those for linear polyethylene, which suggests that the effective chain interactions are enhanced by ease of close packing of the chains. High density and high crystallinity are in accord with this picture.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 2471-2485 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of a rigid rodlike random copolyester, consisting mainly of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroquinone, and carbonyl units, was investigated by means of wide-angle x-ray scattering. The lateral order of the chain molecules was found to be short-range in the nematic melt, in close agreement with the spatial order in the melt of flexible chain molecules. The packing density was found to be surprisingly large in the anisotropic melt. The low-temperature solid state consists of two phases, namely a frozen-in nematic and a three-dimensionally ordered crystal phase. Quenched samples were found to have a degree of crystallinity of about 25%, whereas well-annealed samples may display a degree of crystallinity of up to 70%. The ordered phase apparently displays an orthorhombic unit cell. Its dimensions indicate that a cocrystallization of the comonomers has taken place. On the basis of the observations that the lattice dimensions change continuously as a function of annealing parameters and taking into account the fact that the transition enthalpy, entropy, and volume are smaller by at least one order of magnitude in comparison to those found for crystals of flexible chains, we arrived at the conclusion that the polymer displays a rotationally disordered crystalline state.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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