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  • 1
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    Shatter cones in Illinois: Evidence for metoeritic impacts at Glasford and Des Plaines (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Shatter cone fragments were recovered from rock cores at two previously suspected, but heretofore unverified, impact structures in Illinois. Both sites are buried features known from geophysical surveys and drill holes. Shatter cones are accepted widely as field criteria of meteoritic impact. Detection of these shock indicators in both the Glasford Structure and the Des Plains Disturbance upgrades these sites in Earth's inventory of known and suspected impact structures from possible impact sites with compatible structure and morphology to probable impact structures which possess also evidence of shock metamorphism.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1986; p 438
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  • 2
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    Spectrometry: Report of panel (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Spectroscopic measurements are required to define the spectral background and provide the detailed spectral information that is essential for the design of species-specific systems and the analysis of data obtained from them. This function of spectroscopic measurements is expected to be an important part of any tropospheric remote-sensing program, and both emission and absorption spectroscopy are relevant in this context. The data from such observations are of value to tropospheric science in their own right, during the initial phases while species-specific techniques and instruments are under development. In addition, there are a number of unresolved problems in tropospheric radiative transfer and spectroscopy which presently limit the accuracy and reliability of all remote sensing methods. Only through a supporting program of spectroscopic measurements can progress be made in improving the understanding of these aspects of radiative transfer and ultimately reaching the desired confidence in the accuracy to species-specific monitoring techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Opportunities for Tropospheric Chemistry Research; p 14-22
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  • 3
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    Methane flux from the Central Amazonian Floodplain (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A total of 186 methane measurements from the three primary Amazon floodplain environments of open water lakes, flood forests, and floating grass mats were made over the period 18 July through 2 September 1985. These data indicate that emissions were lowest over open water lakes. Flux from flooded forests and grass mats was significantly higher. At least three transport processes contribute to tropospheric emissions: ebullition from sediments, diffusion along the concentration gradient from sediment to overlaying water to air, and transport through the roots and stems of aquatic plants. Measurements indicate that the first two of these processes are most significant. It was estimated that on the average bubbling makes up 49% of the flux from open water, 54% of that from flooded forests, and 64% of that from floating mats. If the measurements were applied to the entire Amazonian floodplain, it is calculated that the region could supply up to 12% of the estimated global natural sources of methane.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-89296 , NAS 1.15:89296
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  • 4
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    Optical properties of Southern Hemisphere aerosols: Report of the joint CSIRO/NASA study (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This study was made in support of the LAWS and GLOBE programs, which aim to design a suitable Doppler lidar system for measuring global winds from a satellite. Observations were taken from 5 deg S to 45 deg S along and off the E and SE Australian coast, thus obtaining representative samples over a large latitude range. Observations were made between 0 and 6 km altitude of aerosol physical and chemical properties in situ from the CSIRO F-27 aircraft; of lidar backscatter coefficients at 10.6 micron wavelength from the F-27 aircraft; of lidar backscatter profiles at 0.694 microns at Sale, SE Australia; and of lidar backscatter profiles at 0.532 microns at Cowley Beach, NE Australia. Both calculations and observations in the free troposphere gave a backscatter coefficient of 1-2 x 10 to the -11/m/sr at 10.6 microns, although the accuracies of the instruments were marginal at this level. Equivalent figures were 2-8 x 10 to the -9/m/sr (aerosol) and 9 x 10 to the -9 to 2 x 10 to the -8/m/sr (lidar) at 0.694 microns wavelength at Sale; and 3.7 x 10 to the -9/m/sr (aerosol) and 10 to the -8 to 10 to the -7/m/sr (lidar) at 0.532 microns wavelength at Cowley Beach. The measured backscatter coefficients at 0.694 and 0.532 microns were consistently higher than the values calculated from aerosol size distributions by factors of typically 2 to 10.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-179287 , NAS 1.26:179287 , CTI-TR-8801
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  • 5
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    Ion conics and counterstreaming electrons generated by lower hybrid waves in the earth's magnetosphere (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The exotic phenomenon of energetic ion-conic and counterstreaming electron formation by lower hybrid waves along discrete auroral field lines in the earth magnetosphere is considered. Mean-particle calculations, plasma simulations, and analytical treatments of the acceleration processes are described. It is shown that, in the primary auroral electron-beam region, lower hybrid waves could be an efficient mechanism for the transverse heating of H (+) and O(+) ions of ionospheric origin, as well as for the field-aligned heating of the ambient electrons leading to coincident counterstreaming electron distributions. For O(+) ions to be energized by such a wave-particle interaction process, however, some sort of preheating mechanism is required.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813); 17; 186-195
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Mobile very long baseline interferometry and Global Positioning System measurement of vertical crustal motion (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Mobile Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic measurements have many error sources in common. Calibration of the effects of water vapor on signal transmission through the atmosphere, however, remains the primary limitation to the accuracy of vertical crustal motion measurements made by either technique. The two primary methods of water vapor calibration currently in use for mobile VLBI baseline measurements were evaluated: radiometric measurements of the sky brightness near the 22 GHz emission line of free water molecules and surface meteorological measurements used as input to an atmospheric model. Based upon a limited set of 9 baselines, it is shown that calibrating VLBI data with water vapor radiometer measurements provides a significantly better fit to the theoretical decay model than calibrating the same data with surface meteorological measurements. The effect of estimating a systematic error in the surface meteorological calibration is shown to improve the consistency of the vertical baseline components obtained by the two calibration methods. A detailed error model for the vertical baseline components obtained indicates current mobile VLBI technology should allow accuracies of order 3 cm with WVR calibration and 10 cm when surface meteorological calibration is used.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 9169-917
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  • 7
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    Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects in stratospheric NO and implications for infrared remote sensing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that the vibrational state population of stratospheric nitric oxide (NO) could be substantially different from that expected on the basis of LTE. Deviations from LTE may arise because stratospheric NO can be photochemically produced from NO2 with several vibrational quanta. Model calculations suggest that the population of NO(v = 1) could be some 30 percent above that expected from LTE at 30 km, with smaller enhancements above and below. Substantially larger enhancements are predicted for NO(v = 2). This result is shown to have important implications for NO determination by remote sensing of IR emission. Data needed for the quantification of these effects are enumerated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 4747-475
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Crustal geologic studies with Magsat and surface magnetic data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The contributions during the last quadrennium are discussed, which involved both Magsat and aeromagnetic data, including new techniques for interpreting this data, specific intended to understand the connection between magnetic anomalies and the magnetic mineralogy of their sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 971-981
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  • 9
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    Numerical simulations of magnetospheric plasmas - Review and quadrennial report to the IUGG (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This article provides a broad survey of U.S. progress during the quadrennium 1983-1986 in the category 'numerical simulations of magnetospheric plasmas'. There has been a substantial increase of activity in this area during this period. Simulations have been instrumental in providing valuable insights into large scale dynamic phenomena, nonlinear effects, and complex kinetic phenomena in a wide variety of subject areas, including shocks and double layers, ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling phenomena, and important microphysical processes such as broadband electrostatic noise. The methodology of computer simulation has also been advanced during this quadrennium. Vlasov algorithms have been improved; hybrid codes in 2 and 3D have been developed and applied to magnetospheric problems; and complex problems have been subjected with increasing frequency to a multipronged attack in which several types of simulation models, each designed to accurately model phenomena within a particular range of temporal or spatial scales, are employed synergistically.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 25; 599-613
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  • 10
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    Tectonic motion in the western United States inferred from very long baseline interferometry measurements, 1980-1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Over six years of mobile very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) baseline measurements between 12 sites in the western U.S. were used to infer their velocities relative to the North American plate. These velocities were found to be generally consistent with those determined from geologic data and contemporaneous satellite laser ranging measurements in the same region. The discrepancy between the largest velocities determined from the VLBI measurements of 40-48 mm/yr and the relative plate velocity of 50-56 mm/yr predicted from plate motion models is found to be consistent with a broadened distribution of interseismic strain from cyclic activity on the San Andreas and subsidiary faults. The VLBI data are best explained by a cumulative rate of strike-slip motion near the plate boundary of approximately 48 mm/yr, although exclusion of competing values of 56 and 41 mm/yr is based upon very few data. The rates of offshore fault slip inferred from this study range from about 15 mm/yr in central California to negligible amounts in the San Francisco region. Finite element calculations of multiple fault strain distributions show good agreement with systematic variations in the distribution of shear strain along the San Andreas system, as revealed by previous geodetic measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14151-14
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