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Another unmet public health need (2002)

S. P. Baker ; T. D. Baker

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 296(5571): 1237.

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Publikationsdatum: 2002-05-25

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, Susan P -- Baker, Timothy D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12025831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Schlagwort(e): Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; *Public Health ; *Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/mortality

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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The effect of processing on rheological and molecular characteristics of a low density polyethylene (1993)

Baker, W. E. ; Rudin, A. ; Schreiber, H. P. ; [weitere]

Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 377-382

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ISSN: 0032-3888

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik

Notizen: The viscoelastic responses of some molten polymers, and particularly of low density polyethylene (LDPE), are known to vary with processing history. Reasons for the variations include the effects of shear history on morphological states of the polymer, or on its molecular weight parameters. A typical low density polyethylene has been used to test the shear-history dependence concept following a variety of processing steps. The polymer was sheared in single-screw and twin-screw extruders, and in a high speed melter / mixer (Gelimat). Samples also were precipitated from very dilute solutions in trichlorobenzene and in p-xylene. GPC analyses showed that, in general, these procedures did not affect the various moments of molecular weight. An exception was the Gelimat-mixed sample, for which mild reductions in Mn and Mw were noted. In contrast, melt viscosity and elasticity readings, the former from low shear evaluations and the latter from extrudate swelling, were affected by the various procedures. A drop in melt viscosity and in elasticity was observed, being most pronounced for precipitated and twin-screw extruded versions of the LDPE. Reductions also were observed in the specimen sheared in the Gelimat instrument. Following conditioning at the test extrusion temperature (170°C), viscous and elastic responses tended to revert to those of the unsheared control sample, the exception again being the sample sheared in the Gelimat melter / mixer. Of the various mechanisms proposed in the literature to account for transient property changes such as those reported, temporary changes in the degree of chain entanglement appear the most satisfactory explanation. Irreversible alterations in viscoelastic properties may be associated with changes in molecular weights due to processing at high shear.

Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760330702

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Mathematical analysis of potentiometric oxygen sensors for combustion-gas streams (1994)

Baker, Daniel R. ; Verbrugge, Mark W.

Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell

AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 1498-1514

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ISSN: 0001-1541

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung

Notizen: The mathematical tools necessary to describe quantitatively the chemical processes that dictate the performance of exhaust oxygen sensors are developed. Such sensors are used commonly to monitor exhaust streams generated by internal-combustion processes. Calculated results compare well with available experimental results, although several open questions are idetified that require more experimental data. The mathematical formalism for describing the transport of gaseous species through the porous spinel structure protecting the platinum electrode on the exhaust side of the sensor is developed based on the Stefan-Maxwell equations. The kinetic processes occurring at the interface formed by the platinum electrode and the spinel structure, including the oxidation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide and various adsorption-desorption reactions, enter as boundary conditions for the transport equations. The analysis enables one to calculate the sensor's voltage response as a function of the air-to-fuel ratio λ and to investigate phenomena such as the magnitude of the voltage jump in going from rich to lean gas mixtures and the λ value at which this jump occurs.

Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690400909

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The effect of the length of the short chain branch on the impact properties of linear low density polyethylene (1992)

Liu, T. M. ; Baker, W. E.

Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 944-955

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ISSN: 0032-3888

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik

Notizen: The ability to evaluate various mechanical test parameters of polymers using an instrumented impact tester is reviewed. The nature of the short chain branching (SCB) in a series of linear low density polyethylenes (LLDPE) was characterized and related to several impact test parameters for these materials. The impact strength, ductility, and impact fatigue life were observed to increase with increasing branch length. This was attributed, in fact, to an increase in the number of interlamellar tie molecules as the SCB length increased. With an increase in the SCB length the SCB distribution became broader; the number of chains rich in short chain branches increased. This component acts somewhat like the rubber particles in a rubber-toughened blend which gives rise to the concept of a “one copolymer blend”.

Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760321406

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The separate roles of phase structure and interfacial adhesion in toughening a brittle polymer (1992)

Liu, N. C. ; Baker, W. E.

Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 1695-1702

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ISSN: 0032-3888

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik

Notizen: The effects of rubber particle size and rubber/matrix adhesion on the impact properties of a brittle polymer have been separated using polystyrene (PS)/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) as a model system in which interfacial chemical reaction could be controlled. It has been proven that the interfacial adhesion between the rubber phase and the PS matrix not only greatly aids in reducing the rubber particle size but also plays a further role in improving the impact properties of the matrix polymer. The impact energies of PS/NBR blends with interfacial chemical bonding are four to ten times as high as those without interfacial bonding for the same average rubber particle size. However, at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the rubber, there is no difference in impact energies with or without interfacial chemical bonding. It has been found that the optimum rubber particle size for toughening PS is influenced by interfacial adhesion. Smaller optimum rubber particle size is observed for blends with greater amounts of interfacial chemical bonding.

Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760322207

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The use of cryogenically ground rubber tires as a filler in polyolefin blends (1993)

Oliphant, K. ; Baker, W. E.

Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 166-174

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ISSN: 0032-3888

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik

Notizen: The effects of cryogenically ground rubber tires (CGT) on some of the mechanical properties of blends with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) are presented. Precoating the CGT particles with an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer is shown to overcome most of the deleterious effects of adding CGT to LLDPE, while still retaining composite processability. A blend of 40 wt% EAA coated CGT particles with LLDPE is shown to have impact and tensile strengths that are 90% of those for the pure LLDPE, representing increases of 60 and 20%, respectively, over blends with uncoated particles. Blends of LLDPE with ground tire bladders demonstrate that even better mechanical properties can be obtained with similar large rubber particle size but somewhat better adhesion. For HDPE, however, it is shown that with large rubber particles, moderate adhesion is not sufficient to produce useful composites.

Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760330307

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Instrumented dart impact evaluation of linear low density polyethylene at controlled impact energy (1991)

Liu, T. M. ; Baker, W. E.

Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 753-763

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ISSN: 0032-3888

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik

Notizen: Instrumented impact testing of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE I) (ethylene and 1-octene copolymer) was carried out using a Rheometrics Drop-Weight Tester (RDT-5000). A method of partial penetration at controlled impact energy was used and developed. The set impact speed was raised step by step in small intervals of 0.25 m/s over a range of 0.76 m/s to 9.14 m/s. The impact deformation profiles of LLDPE I were obtained for a series of specimens impacted at different speeds. The stress states of the LLDPE I during the corresponding impact events were obtained with the instrumented impact tup. By comparing the observed impact profile with the force-displacement trace, the yield point and the initial failure point of LLDPE I were assessed. The point of 100 percent of the maximum load on the force-displacement trace of a total penetration impact was shown to be the yield point. On the basis of the determination of the yield point, a parameter, ductile ratio (D.R.), was redefined to characterize the ductility of polymers. The initial break point of LLDPE I was determined. The effect of specimen thickness and test temperature on the impact properties was investigated.

Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760311011

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Cadmium-free stabilizer systems for flexible vinyl (1991)

Baker, Paulette

Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 13 (1991), S. 80-82

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ISSN: 0193-7197

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung

Notizen: Recently, cadmium-containing additives for plastics have been designated as undesirable environmentally. Prior to this adverse characterization of cadmium derivatives most flexible vinyl in the United States involving severe stabilizer demand during processing or service utilized metal blends based on cadmium salts. As a result many vinyl formulators have been forced to find suitable alternatives. Replacement of a stabilizer composed of specific levels of barium/cadmium salts in flexible vinyl with another containing the same levels of barium/zinc has been found to give dramatically reduced performance in heat stability tests. Results of this study has shown that satisfactory replacement of barium/cadmium/zinc or barium/cadmium systems in flexible vinyl is possible with barium/zinc stabilizers. This replacement appears to depend on higher barium-to-zinc ratios than those utilized in barium/cadmium analogs, use of special ligands that compensate for the smaller sized zinc cation; and prevention of their destruction by inadvertent addition of competitors.

Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730130204

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Effects of recent trends on the stabilization of flexible PVC recyclable compounds (1993)

Baker, Paulette ; Grossman, R. F.

Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 15 (1993), S. 109-112

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ISSN: 0193-7197

Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung

Notizen: Environmental regulations have now fostered two trends dominating flexible PVC compounding. These consist of the elimination of heavy metals and providing modified compositions that minimize disposal problems. The objectionable metals are lead and cadmium. In the U.S., lead stabilizers have been used predominately in wire and cable and roofing applications. Cadmium-based stabilizers dominated all other areas of flexible PVC compositions except those applications requiring nontoxic components. The problems and achievements encountered in effecting compliance with the need to replace lead and cadmium usage in PVC compositions are discussed and suggested formulation types are provided.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730150212

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Linkage of plasma Abeta42 to a quantitative locus on chromosome 10 in late-onset Alzheimer's disease pedigrees (2000)

N. Ertekin-Taner ; N. Graff-Radford ; L. H. Younkin ; [weitere]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 290(5500): 2303-4. doi: 10.1126/science.290.5500.2303.

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Publikationsdatum: 2000-12-23

Beschreibung: Plasma Abeta42 (amyloid beta42 peptide) is invariably elevated in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it is also increased in the first-degree relatives of patients with typical late-onset AD (LOAD). To detect LOAD loci that increase Abeta42, we used plasma Abeta42 as a surrogate trait and performed linkage analysis on extended AD pedigrees identified through a LOAD patient with extremely high plasma Abeta. Here, we report linkage to chromosome 10 with a maximal lod score of 3.93 at 81 centimorgans close to D10S1225. Remarkably, linkage to the same region was obtained independently in a genome-wide screen of LOAD sibling pairs. These results provide strong evidence for a novel LOAD locus on chromosome 10 that acts to increase Abeta.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ertekin-Taner, N -- Graff-Radford, N -- Younkin, L H -- Eckman, C -- Baker, M -- Adamson, J -- Ronald, J -- Blangero, J -- Hutton, M -- Younkin, S G -- AG06656/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH59490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG16574/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2303-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Schlagwort(e): Adult ; Age of Onset ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/*blood/*genetics ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*blood/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pedigree ; Peptide Fragments/*blood/genetics ; Phenotype ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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