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  • Annual Reviews
  • 2000-2004  (68)
  • 1995-1999  (32)
  • 1945-1949  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN SOIL: Selection Microbial Populations by Plant and Soil Type and Implications for Disease Suppressiveness (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 243-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: An increasing interest has emerged with respect to the importance of microbial diversity in soil habitats. The extent of the diversity of microorganisms in soil is seen to be critical to the maintenance of soil health and quality, as a wide range of microorganisms is involved in important soil functions. This review focuses on recent data relating how plant type, soil type, and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity of soil and the implication for the soil's disease suppressiveness. The two main drivers of soil microbial community structure, i.e., plant type and soil type, are thought to exert their function in a complex manner. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil and in others the plant type is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms and soil and microorganisms and plants. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by plant and soil versus the ecological behavior of microorganisms, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.012604.135455
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that collect antigen in body tissues and transport them to draining lymph nodes. Antigenic peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for presentation to naive T cells, resulting in the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. DCs take up antigen through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis via different groups of receptor families, such as Fc receptors for antigen-antibody complexes, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) for glycoproteins, and pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), for microbial antigens. Uptake of antigen by CLRs leads to presentation of antigens on MHC class I and II molecules. DCs are well equipped to distinguish between self- and nonself-antigens by the variable expression of cell-surface receptors such as CLRs and TLRs. In the steady state, DCs are not immunologically quiescent but use their antigen-handling capacities to maintain peripheral tolerance. DCs are continuously sampling and presenting self- and harmless environmental proteins to silence immune activation. Uptake of self-components in the intestine and airways are good examples of sites where continuous presentation of self- and foreign antigens occurs without immune activation. In contrast, efficient antigen-specific immune activation occurs upon encounter of DCs with nonself-pathogens. Recognition of pathogens by DCs triggers specific receptors such as TLRs that result in DC maturation and subsequently immune activation. Here we discuss the concept that cross talk between TLRs and CLRs, differentially expressed by subsets of DCs, accounts for the different pathways to peripheral tolerance, such as deletion and suppression, and immune activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104558
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  • 3
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    Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells (2004)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0732-0582
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-3278
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 4
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    MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN SOIL: Selection of Microbial Populations by Plant and Soil Type and Implications for Disease Suppressiveness (2004)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  An increasing interest has emerged with respect to the importance of microbial diversity in soil habitats. The extent of the diversity of microorganisms in soil is seen to be critical to the maintenance of soil health and quality, as a wide range of microorganisms is involved in important soil functions. This review focuses on recent data relating how plant type, soil type, and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity of soil and the implication for the soil's disease suppressiveness. The two main drivers of soil microbial community structure, i.e., plant type and soil type, are thought to exert their function in a complex manner. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil and in others the plant type is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms and soil and microorganisms and plants. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by plant and soil versus the ecological behavior of microorganisms, is proposed.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2107
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE TRANSLOCON: A Dynamic Gateway at the ER Membrane (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 799-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cotranslational protein translocation across and integration into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occur at sites termed translocons. Translocons are composed of several ER membrane proteins that associate to form an aqueous pore through which secretory proteins and lumenal domains of membrane proteins pass from the cytoplasm to the ER lumen. These sites are not passive holes in the bilayer, but instead are quite dynamic both structurally and functionally. Translocons cycle between ribosome-bound and ribosome-free states, and convert between translocation and integration modes of operation. These changes in functional state are accompanied by structural rearrangements that alter translocon conformation, composition, and interactions with ligands such as the ribosome and BiP. Recent studies have revealed that the translocon is a complex and sophisticated molecular machine that regulates the movement of polypeptides through the bilayer, apparently in both directions as well as laterally into the bilayer, all while maintaining the membrane permeability barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.799
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STRUCTURAL VIEW OF Cre-loxP SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 87-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Structural models of site-specific recombinases from the lambda integrase family of enzymes have in the last four years provided an important new perspective on the three-dimensional nature of the recombination pathway. Members of this family, which include the bacteriophage P1 Cre recombinase, bacteriophage lambda integrase, the yeast Flp recombinase, and the bacterial XerCD recombinases, exchange strands between DNA substrates in a stepwise process. One pair of strands is exchanged to form a Holliday junction intermediate, and the second pair of strands is exchanged during resolution of the junction to products. Crystal structures of reaction intermediates in the Cre-loxP site-specific recombination system, together with recent biochemical studies in the field, support a "strand swapping" model for recombination that does not require branch migration of the Holliday junction intermediate in order to test homology between recombining sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.87
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULES OF THE BACTERIAL CYTOSKELETON (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 33 (2004), S. 177-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The structural elucidation of clear but distant homologs of actin and tubulin in bacteria and GFP labeling of these proteins promises to reinvigorate the field of prokaryotic cell biology. FtsZ (the tubulin homolog) and MreB/ParM (the actin homologs) are indispensable for cellular tasks that require the cell to accurately position molecules, similar to the function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. FtsZ is the organizing molecule of bacterial cell division and forms a filamentous ring around the middle of the cell. Many molecules, including MinCDE, SulA, ZipA, and FtsA, assist with this process directly. Recently, genes much more similar to tubulin than to FtsZ have been identified in Verrucomicrobia. MreB forms helices underneath the inner membrane and probably defines the shape of the cell by positioning transmembrane and periplasmic cell wall-synthesizing enzymes. Currently, no interacting proteins are known for MreB and its relatives that help these proteins polymerize or depolymerize at certain times and places inside the cell. It is anticipated that MreB-interacting proteins exist in analogy to the large number of actin binding proteins in eukaryotes. ParM (a plasmid-borne actin homolog) is directly involved in pushing certain single-copy plasmids to the opposite poles by ParR/parC-assisted polymerization into double-helical filaments, much like the filaments formed by actin, F-actin. Mollicutes seem to have developed special systems for cell shape determination and motility, such as the fibril protein in Spiroplasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.132647
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROAMING THROUGH ASTROPHYSICS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 36 (1998), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.1
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MEMBRANE TRAFFIC EXPLOITED BY PROTEIN TOXINS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 18 (2002), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A large number of protein toxins having enzymatically active A- and B-moieties that bind to cell surface receptors must be endocytosed before the A-moiety is translocated into the cytosol where it exerts its cytotoxic action. The accumulated information about the most well-studied toxins has provided a detailed picture of how they exploit the membrane trafficking systems of cells, and studies of toxin trafficking have revealed the existance of new pathways. The complexity of different endocytic mechanisms, as well as the multiple routes between endosomes and the Golgi apparatus and retrogradely to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are being unravelled by investigations of how toxins gain access to their targets. With increasing information about the internalization and intracellular trafficking of these opportunistic toxins, new avenues have been opened for their application in areas of medicine such as drug delivery and therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.011502.142107
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 36 (1998), S. 317-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in the understanding of the chemical processes that occur during all stages of the formation of stars, from the collapse of molecular clouds to the assemblage of icy planetesimals in protoplanetary accretion disks, are reviewed. Observational studies of the circumstellar material within 100-10,000 AU of the young star with (sub)millimeter single-dish telescopes, millimeter interferometers, and ground-based as well as space-borne infrared observatories have only become possible within the past few years. Results are compared with detailed chemical models that emphasize the coupling of gas-phase and grain-surface chemistry. Molecules that are particularly sensitive to different routes of formation and that may be useful in distinguishing between a variety of environments and histories are outlined. In the cold, low-density prestellar cores, radicals and long unsaturated carbon chains are enhanced. During the cold collapse phase, most species freeze out onto the grains in the high-density inner region. Once young stars ignite, their surroundings are heated through radiation and/or shocks, whereupon new chemical characteristics appear. Evaporation of ices drives a "hot core" chemistry rich in organic molecules, whereas shocks propagating through the dense envelope release both refractory and volatile grain material, resulting in prominent SiO, OH, and H2O emission. The role of future instrumentation in further developing these chemical and temporal diagnostics is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.317
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