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  • 2005-2009  (93)
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  • 1
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    Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: Rates of atmospheric deposition of biologically active nitrogen (N) are two to seven times the pre-industrial rates in many developed nations because of combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural fertilization. They are expected to increase similarly over the next 50 years in industrializing nations of Asia and South America. Although the environmental impacts of high rates of nitrogen addition have been well studied, this is not so for the lower, chronic rates that characterize much of the globe. Here we present results of the first multi-decadal experiment to examine the impacts of chronic, experimental nitrogen addition as low as 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) above ambient atmospheric nitrogen deposition (6 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) at our site). This total input rate is comparable to terrestrial nitrogen deposition in many industrialized nations. We found that this chronic low-level nitrogen addition rate reduced plant species numbers by 17% relative to controls receiving ambient N deposition. Moreover, species numbers were reduced more per unit of added nitrogen at lower addition rates, suggesting that chronic but low-level nitrogen deposition may have a greater impact on diversity than previously thought. A second experiment showed that a decade after cessation of nitrogen addition, relative plant species number, although not species abundances, had recovered, demonstrating that some effects of nitrogen addition are reversible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Christopher M -- Tilman, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):712-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. clark134@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plants/classification/*metabolism ; *Poaceae/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Primary carbonatite melt from deeply subducted oceanic crust (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-01
    Description: Partial melting in the Earth's mantle plays an important part in generating the geochemical and isotopic diversity observed in volcanic rocks at the surface. Identifying the composition of these primary melts in the mantle is crucial for establishing links between mantle geochemical 'reservoirs' and fundamental geodynamic processes. Mineral inclusions in natural diamonds have provided a unique window into such deep mantle processes. Here we provide experimental and geochemical evidence that silicate mineral inclusions in diamonds from Juina, Brazil, crystallized from primary and evolved carbonatite melts in the mantle transition zone and deep upper mantle. The incompatible trace element abundances calculated for a melt coexisting with a calcium-titanium-silicate perovskite inclusion indicate deep melting of carbonated oceanic crust, probably at transition-zone depths. Further to perovskite, calcic-majorite garnet inclusions record crystallization in the deep upper mantle from an evolved melt that closely resembles estimates of primitive carbonatite on the basis of volcanic rocks. Small-degree melts of subducted crust can be viewed as agents of chemical mass-transfer in the upper mantle and transition zone, leaving a chemical imprint of ocean crust that can possibly endure for billions of years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walter, M J -- Bulanova, G P -- Armstrong, L S -- Keshav, S -- Blundy, J D -- Gudfinnsson, G -- Lord, O T -- Lennie, A R -- Clark, S M -- Smith, C B -- Gobbo, L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 31;454(7204):622-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. m.j.walter@bris.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18668105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-19
    Description: Theropods have traditionally been assumed to have lost manual digits from the lateral side inward, which differs from the bilateral reduction pattern seen in other tetrapod groups. This unusual reduction pattern is clearly present in basal theropods, and has also been inferred in non-avian tetanurans based on identification of their three digits as the medial ones of the hand (I-II-III). This contradicts the many developmental studies indicating II-III-IV identities for the three manual digits of the only extant tetanurans, the birds. Here we report a new basal ceratosaur from the Oxfordian stage of the Jurassic period of China (156-161 million years ago), representing the first known Asian ceratosaur and the only known beaked, herbivorous Jurassic theropod. Most significantly, this taxon possesses a strongly reduced manual digit I, documenting a complex pattern of digital reduction within the Theropoda. Comparisons among theropod hands show that the three manual digits of basal tetanurans are similar in many metacarpal features to digits II-III-IV, but in phalangeal features to digits I-II-III, of more basal theropods. Given II-III-IV identities in avians, the simplest interpretation is that these identities were shared by all tetanurans. The transition to tetanurans involved complex changes in the hand including a shift in digit identities, with ceratosaurs displaying an intermediate condition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Xing -- Clark, James M -- Mo, Jinyou -- Choiniere, Jonah -- Forster, Catherine A -- Erickson, Gregory M -- Hone, David W E -- Sullivan, Corwin -- Eberth, David A -- Nesbitt, Sterling -- Zhao, Qi -- Hernandez, Rene -- Jia, Cheng-kai -- Han, Feng-lu -- Guo, Yu -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 18;459(7249):940-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08124.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing 100044, China. xingxu@vip.sina.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology ; China ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Extremities/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-01
    Description: Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Humans expend energy through purposeful exercise and through changes in posture and movement that are associated with the routines of daily life [called nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)]. To examine NEAT's role in obesity, we recruited 10 lean and 10 mildly obese sedentary volunteers and measured their body postures and movements every half-second for 10 days. Obese individuals were seated, on average, 2 hours longer per day than lean individuals. Posture allocation did not change when the obese individuals lost weight or when lean individuals gained weight, suggesting that it is biologically determined. If obese individuals adopted the NEAT-enhanced behaviors of their lean counterparts, they might expend an additional 350 calories (kcal) per day.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levine, James A -- Lanningham-Foster, Lorraine M -- McCrady, Shelly K -- Krizan, Alisa C -- Olson, Leslie R -- Kane, Paul H -- Jensen, Michael D -- Clark, Matthew M -- DK56650/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK63226/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK66270/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- M01 RR00585/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):584-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Jim@Mayo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15681386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; *Body Weight ; Energy Intake ; *Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; *Movement ; Obesity/*physiopathology ; Overnutrition ; Pilot Projects ; *Posture ; *Thermogenesis ; Weight Gain ; Weight Loss
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    All-optical switching in rubidium vapor (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-30
    Description: We report on an all-optical switch that operates at low light levels. It consists of laser beams counterpropagating through a warm rubidium vapor that induce an off-axis optical pattern. A switching laser beam causes this pattern to rotate even when the power in the switching beam is much lower than the power in the pattern. The observed switching energy density is very low, suggesting that the switch might operate at the single-photon level with system optimization. This approach opens the possibility of realizing a single-photon switch for quantum information networks and for improving transparent optical telecommunication networks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawes, Andrew M C -- Illing, Lucas -- Clark, Susan M -- Gauthier, Daniel J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 29;308(5722):672-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Duke University, Box 90305, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: Ubiquitin-positive, tau- and alpha-synuclein-negative inclusions are hallmarks of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the identity of the ubiquitinated protein specific to either disorder was unknown, we showed that TDP-43 is the major disease protein in both disorders. Pathologic TDP-43 was hyper-phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved to generate C-terminal fragments and was recovered only from affected central nervous system regions, including hippocampus, neocortex, and spinal cord. TDP-43 represents the common pathologic substrate linking these neurodegenerative disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neumann, Manuela -- Sampathu, Deepak M -- Kwong, Linda K -- Truax, Adam C -- Micsenyi, Matthew C -- Chou, Thomas T -- Bruce, Jennifer -- Schuck, Theresa -- Grossman, Murray -- Clark, Christopher M -- McCluskey, Leo F -- Miller, Bruce L -- Masliah, Eliezer -- Mackenzie, Ian R -- Feldman, Howard -- Feiden, Wolfgang -- Kretzschmar, Hans A -- Trojanowski, John Q -- Lee, Virginia M-Y -- AG10124/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG17586/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 AG00255/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):130-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/*metabolism/pathology ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; *Brain Chemistry ; Cerebral Cortex/chemistry/pathology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*analysis/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Dementia/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Hippocampus/chemistry/pathology ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/chemistry/pathology ; Neurons/chemistry/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry ; Phosphorylation ; Spinal Cord/*chemistry/pathology ; Ubiquitin/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Paleontology. A different kind of croc (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, James M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):43-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. jclark@gwu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Animals ; Argentina ; Dentition ; *Fossils ; Marine Biology ; Predatory Behavior ; Reptiles/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Common sequence polymorphisms shaping genetic diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-21
    Description: The genomes of individuals from the same species vary in sequence as a result of different evolutionary processes. To examine the patterns of, and the forces shaping, sequence variation in Arabidopsis thaliana, we performed high-density array resequencing of 20 diverse strains (accessions). More than 1 million nonredundant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified at moderate false discovery rates (FDRs), and approximately 4% of the genome was identified as being highly dissimilar or deleted relative to the reference genome sequence. Patterns of polymorphism are highly nonrandom among gene families, with genes mediating interaction with the biotic environment having exceptional polymorphism levels. At the chromosomal scale, regional variation in polymorphism was readily apparent. A scan for recent selective sweeps revealed several candidate regions, including a notable example in which almost all variation was removed in a 500-kilobase window. Analyzing the polymorphisms we describe in larger sets of accessions will enable a detailed understanding of forces shaping population-wide sequence variation in A. thaliana.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Richard M -- Schweikert, Gabriele -- Toomajian, Christopher -- Ossowski, Stephan -- Zeller, Georg -- Shinn, Paul -- Warthmann, Norman -- Hu, Tina T -- Fu, Glenn -- Hinds, David A -- Chen, Huaming -- Frazer, Kelly A -- Huson, Daniel H -- Scholkopf, Bernhard -- Nordborg, Magnus -- Ratsch, Gunnar -- Ecker, Joseph R -- Weigel, Detlef -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 20;317(5836):338-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17641193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    The evolution of selfing in Arabidopsis thaliana (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-28
    Description: Unlike most of its close relatives, Arabidopsis thaliana is capable of self-pollination. In other members of the mustard family, outcrossing is ensured by the complex self-incompatibility (S) locus,which harbors multiple diverged specificity haplotypes that effectively prevent selfing. We investigated the role of the S locus in the evolution of and transition to selfing in A. thaliana. We found that the S locus of A. thaliana harbored considerable diversity, which is an apparent remnant of polymorphism in the outcrossing ancestor. Thus, the fixation of a single inactivated S-locus allele cannot have been a key step in the transition to selfing. An analysis of the genome-wide pattern of linkage disequilibrium suggests that selfing most likely evolved roughly a million years ago or more.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Chunlao -- Toomajian, Christopher -- Sherman-Broyles, Susan -- Plagnol, Vincent -- Guo, Ya-Long -- Hu, Tina T -- Clark, Richard M -- Nasrallah, June B -- Weigel, Detlef -- Nordborg, Magnus -- GM62932/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG002790/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062932/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 24;317(5841):1070-2. Epub 2007 Jul 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Drift ; Haplotypes ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics ; Plant Proteins/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Kinases/*genetics ; *Pseudogenes ; Reproduction/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Applied physics. Electrode-cellular interface (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wallace, G G -- Moulton, S E -- Clark, G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):185-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1168346.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia. gwallace@uow.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biocompatible Materials ; *Bionics/instrumentation/methods ; *Carbon ; *Cells ; Cochlear Implants ; Electric Conductivity ; Electric Stimulation ; *Electrodes ; Nanostructures ; Nanotubes, Carbon ; Organic Chemicals ; *Polymers ; *Prostheses and Implants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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