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  • 1
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    Functional metagenomic profiling of nine biomes (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Microbial activities shape the biogeochemistry of the planet and macroorganism health. Determining the metabolic processes performed by microbes is important both for understanding and for manipulating ecosystems (for example, disruption of key processes that lead to disease, conservation of environmental services, and so on). Describing microbial function is hampered by the inability to culture most microbes and by high levels of genomic plasticity. Metagenomic approaches analyse microbial communities to determine the metabolic processes that are important for growth and survival in any given environment. Here we conduct a metagenomic comparison of almost 15 million sequences from 45 distinct microbiomes and, for the first time, 42 distinct viromes and show that there are strongly discriminatory metabolic profiles across environments. Most of the functional diversity was maintained in all of the communities, but the relative occurrence of metabolisms varied, and the differences between metagenomes predicted the biogeochemical conditions of each environment. The magnitude of the microbial metabolic capabilities encoded by the viromes was extensive, suggesting that they serve as a repository for storing and sharing genes among their microbial hosts and influence global evolutionary and metabolic processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dinsdale, Elizabeth A -- Edwards, Robert A -- Hall, Dana -- Angly, Florent -- Breitbart, Mya -- Brulc, Jennifer M -- Furlan, Mike -- Desnues, Christelle -- Haynes, Matthew -- Li, Linlin -- McDaniel, Lauren -- Moran, Mary Ann -- Nelson, Karen E -- Nilsson, Christina -- Olson, Robert -- Paul, John -- Brito, Beltran Rodriguez -- Ruan, Yijun -- Swan, Brandon K -- Stevens, Rick -- Valentine, David L -- Thurber, Rebecca Vega -- Wegley, Linda -- White, Bryan A -- Rohwer, Forest -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):629-32. doi: 10.1038/nature06810. Epub 2008 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA. elizabeth_dinsdale@hotmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Archaea/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Chemotaxis/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Culicidae/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genome, Viral ; *Genomics ; Microbiology ; Seawater ; Viruses/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Impact of a century of climate change on small-mammal communities in Yosemite National Park, USA (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: We provide a century-scale view of small-mammal responses to global warming, without confounding effects of land-use change, by repeating Grinnell's early-20th century survey across a 3000-meter-elevation gradient that spans Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Using occupancy modeling to control for variation in detectability, we show substantial ( approximately 500 meters on average) upward changes in elevational limits for half of 28 species monitored, consistent with the observed approximately 3 degrees C increase in minimum temperatures. Formerly low-elevation species expanded their ranges and high-elevation species contracted theirs, leading to changed community composition at mid- and high elevations. Elevational replacement among congeners changed because species' responses were idiosyncratic. Though some high-elevation species are threatened, protection of elevation gradients allows other species to respond via migration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moritz, Craig -- Patton, James L -- Conroy, Chris J -- Parra, Juan L -- White, Gary C -- Beissinger, Steven R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):261-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163428.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. craigm@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845755" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization ; Altitude ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; California ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Macrovertebrate paleontology and the Pliocene habitat of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: A diverse assemblage of large mammals is spatially and stratigraphically associated with Ardipithecus ramidus at Aramis. The most common species are tragelaphine antelope and colobine monkeys. Analyses of their postcranial remains situate them in a closed habitat. Assessment of dental mesowear, microwear, and stable isotopes from these and a wider range of abundant associated larger mammals indicates that the local habitat at Aramis was predominantly woodland. The Ar. ramidus enamel isotope values indicate a minimal C4 vegetation component in its diet (plants using the C4 photosynthetic pathway), which is consistent with predominantly forest/woodland feeding. Although the Early Pliocene Afar included a range of environments, and the local environment at Aramis and its vicinity ranged from forests to wooded grasslands, the integration of available physical and biological evidence establishes Ar. ramidus as a denizen of the closed habitats along this continuum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Tim D -- Ambrose, Stanley H -- Suwa, Gen -- Su, Denise F -- DeGusta, David -- Bernor, Raymond L -- Boisserie, Jean-Renaud -- Brunet, Michel -- Delson, Eric -- Frost, Stephen -- Garcia, Nuria -- Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X -- Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Howell, F Clark -- Lehmann, Thomas -- Likius, Andossa -- Pehlevan, Cesur -- Saegusa, Haruo -- Semprebon, Gina -- Teaford, Mark -- Vrba, Elisabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):87-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cercopithecidae/anatomy & histology ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/classification ; Mammals/anatomy & histology/classification ; Paleodontology ; Plants ; Population Density ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The movement of aquatic mercury through terrestrial food webs (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: Mercury has contaminated rivers worldwide, with health consequences for aquatic organisms and humans who consume them. Researchers have focused on aquatic birds as sentinels for mercury. However, trophic transfer between adjacent ecosystems could lead to the export of aquatic mercury to terrestrial habitats. Along a mercury-contaminated river in Virginia, United States, terrestrial birds had significantly elevated levels of mercury in their blood, similar to their aquatic-feeding counterparts. Diet analysis revealed that spiders delivered much of the dietary mercury. We conclude that aquatic mercury pollution can move into terrestrial habitats, where it biomagnifies to levels in songbirds that may cause adverse effects. Rivers contaminated with mercury may pose a threat to the many bird species that feed on predatory invertebrates in adjacent riparian habitats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cristol, Daniel A -- Brasso, Rebecka L -- Condon, Anne M -- Fovargue, Rachel E -- Friedman, Scott L -- Hallinger, Kelly K -- Monroe, Adrian P -- White, Ariel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):335. doi: 10.1126/science.1154082.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Integrative Bird Behavior Studies, Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA. dacris@wm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds/blood/metabolism ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Feathers/chemistry ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Grasshoppers/chemistry ; Lepidoptera/chemistry ; Male ; Mercury/*analysis/blood ; Methylmercury Compounds/*analysis ; *Songbirds/blood ; Spiders/chemistry ; Virginia ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The geological, isotopic, botanical, invertebrate, and lower vertebrate surroundings of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Sediments containing Ardipithecus ramidus were deposited 4.4 million years ago on an alluvial floodplain in Ethiopia's western Afar rift. The Lower Aramis Member hominid-bearing unit, now exposed across a 〉 9-kilometer structural arc, is sandwiched between two volcanic tuffs that have nearly identical 40Ar/39Ar ages. Geological data presented here, along with floral, invertebrate, and vertebrate paleontological and taphonomic evidence associated with the hominids, suggest that they occupied a wooded biotope over the western three-fourths of the paleotransect. Phytoliths and oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of pedogenic carbonates provide evidence of humid cool woodlands with a grassy substrate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉WoldeGabriel, Giday -- Ambrose, Stanley H -- Barboni, Doris -- Bonnefille, Raymonde -- Bremond, Laurent -- Currie, Brian -- DeGusta, David -- Hart, William K -- Murray, Alison M -- Renne, Paul R -- Jolly-Saad, M C -- Stewart, Kathlyn M -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):65e1-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA. wgiday@lanl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Carbonates/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; Flowers ; *Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae ; *Invertebrates ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; *Plants ; Temperature ; Trees ; *Vertebrates
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Taphonomic, avian, and small-vertebrate indicators of Ardipithecus ramidus habitat (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Thousands of vertebrate specimens were systematically collected from the stratigraphic interval containing Ardipithecus ramidus. The carcasses of larger mammals were heavily ravaged by carnivores. Nearly 10,000 small-mammal remains appear to be derived primarily from decomposed owl pellets. The rich avifauna includes at least 29 species, mostly nonaquatic forms. Modern analogs of the most abundant birds and of a variety of rodents are associated with mesic woodland environments distant from large water bodies. These findings support inferences from associated geological, isotopic, invertebrate, and large-vertebrate assemblages. The combined results suggest that Ar. ramidus occupied a wooded Pliocene habitat.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Louchart, Antoine -- Wesselman, Henry -- Blumenschine, Robert J -- Hlusko, Leslea J -- Njau, Jackson K -- Black, Michael T -- Asnake, Mesfin -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):66e1-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Iziko South African Museum, Natural History Department, Cenozoic Palaeontology Collections, Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Birds/classification ; Bone and Bones ; Burial ; Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Mammals ; Trees ; *Vertebrates/classification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy of the ADC Source 4U 1822-37 with Suzaku (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We will present the broadband spectra of the low mass x-ray binary 4U 1822-37, recently observed with Suzaku. 4U 1822-37 is the canonical accretion disk corona (ADC) source where the compact object is obscured by an extended corona that intercepts and scatters the central continuum emission, some of which is then reprocessed in the outer regions of the accretion disk. 4U 1822-37 therefore serves as an important link between x-ray binaries and AGN. The broadband x-ray spectra from the Suzaku XIS and HXD provide a unique opportunity to probe the physical conditions in the corona and the accretion disk for this important accretion geometry.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: The Extreme Universe in the Suzaku Era; Dec 03, 2006 - Dec 10, 2006; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 8
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    The Constellation-X Mission: The next giant step in X-ray Astronomy (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Constellation-X is the x-ray astronomy equivalent of large ground-based optical telescopes such as the Keck and the VLT, complementing the high spatial resolution capabilities of Chandra. By increasing the telescope aperture and utilizing efficient spectrometers the mission will achieve a factor of 100 increased sensitivity. with its increased capabilities, Constellation-X will address many fundamental astrophysics questions such as observing the formation and evolution of clusters of galaxies, constraining the Baryon content of the Universe, observing the effects of strong gravity close to the event horizon of black holes in AGN and using these effects to determine the black hole rotation. The Constellation-X mission has been under study for eight years and in the Presidents FY04 budget has been given approval to proceed with a launches in 2013 and 2014. In this talk I will review the science goals of the mission, and the implementation approach.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Mullard Space Science Lab., High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy: towards XEUS and Con-X; Mar 27, 2006 - Mar 28, 2006; Dorking; United Kingdom
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  • 9
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    A Smoking Gun in the Carina Nebula (2009)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Carina Nebula is one of thc youngest, most active sites of massive star formation in our Galaxy. In this nebula, we have discovered a bright X-ray source that has persisted for approx.30 years. The soft X-ray spectrum. consistent with kT approx.130 eV blackbody radiation with mild extinction, and no counterpart in the near- and mid-infrared wavelengths indicate that it is a, approx. 10(exp 6)-year-old neutron star housed in the Carina Nebula. Current star formation theory does not suggest that the progenitor of the neutron star and massive stars in the Carina Nebula, in particular (eta)Car, are coeval. This result demonstrates that the Carina Nebula experienced at least two major episodes of massive star formation. The neutron star would be responsible for remnants of high energy activity seen in multiple wavelengths.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Optimal Compression Methods for Floating-point Format Images (2009)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We report on the results of a comparison study of different techniques for compressing FITS images that have floating-point (real*4) pixel values. Standard file compression methods like GZIP are generally ineffective in this case (with compression ratios only in the range 1.2 - 1.6), so instead we use a technique of converting the floating-point values into quantized scaled integers which are compressed using the Rice algorithm. The compressed data stream is stored in FITS format using the tiled-image compression convention. This is technically a lossy compression method, since the pixel values are not exactly reproduced, however all the significant photometric and astrometric information content of the image can be preserved while still achieving file compression ratios in the range of 4 to 8. We also show that introducing dithering, or randomization, when assigning the quantized pixel-values can significantly improve the photometric and astrometric precision in the stellar images in the compressed file without adding additional noise. We quantify our results by comparing the stellar magnitudes and positions as measured in the original uncompressed image to those derived from the same image after applying successively greater amounts of compression.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIX (ADASS 2009); Oct 04, 2009 - Oct 08, 2009; Sapporo; Japan
    Format: text
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