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  • 1
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    Polar lightning and decadal-scale cloud variability on Jupiter (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: Although lightning has been seen on other planets, including Jupiter, polar lightning has been known only on Earth. Optical observations from the New Horizons spacecraft have identified lightning at high latitudes above Jupiter up to 80 degrees N and 74 degrees S. Lightning rates and optical powers were similar at each pole, and the mean optical flux is comparable to that at nonpolar latitudes, which is consistent with the notion that internal heat is the main driver of convection. Both near-infrared and ground-based 5-micrometer thermal imagery reveal that cloud cover has thinned substantially since the 2000 Cassini flyby, particularly in the turbulent wake of the Great Red Spot and in the southern half of the equatorial region, demonstrating that vertical dynamical processes are time-varying on seasonal scales at mid- and low latitudes on Jupiter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baines, Kevin H -- Simon-Miller, Amy A -- Orton, Glenn S -- Weaver, Harold A -- Lunsford, Allen -- Momary, Thomas W -- Spencer, John -- Cheng, Andrew F -- Reuter, Dennis C -- Jennings, Donald E -- Gladstone, G R -- Moore, Jeffrey -- Stern, S Alan -- Young, Leslie A -- Throop, Henry -- Yanamandra-Fisher, Padma -- Fisher, Brendan M -- Hora, Joseph -- Ressler, Michael E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):226-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Genetically determined differences in learning from errors (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: The role of dopamine in monitoring negative action outcomes and feedback-based learning was tested in a neuroimaging study in humans grouped according to the dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism DRD2-TAQ-IA. In a probabilistic learning task, A1-allele carriers with reduced dopamine D2 receptor densities learned to avoid actions with negative consequences less efficiently. Their posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC), involved in feedback monitoring, responded less to negative feedback than others' did. Dynamically changing interactions between pMFC and hippocampus found to underlie feedback-based learning were reduced in A1-allele carriers. This demonstrates that learning from errors requires dopaminergic signaling. Dopamine D2 receptor reduction seems to decrease sensitivity to negative action consequences, which may explain an increased risk of developing addictive behaviors in A1-allele carriers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klein, Tilmann A -- Neumann, Jane -- Reuter, Martin -- Hennig, Jurgen -- von Cramon, D Yves -- Ullsperger, Markus -- R01MH74457/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1642-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. tklein@cbs.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alleles ; *Avoidance Learning ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Feedback, Psychological ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; *Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*genetics/metabolism ; *Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Signal Transduction
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  • 3
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    Io volcanism seen by new horizons: a major eruption of the Tvashtar volcano (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: Jupiter's moon Io is known to host active volcanoes. In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft obtained a global snapshot of Io's volcanism. A 350-kilometer-high volcanic plume was seen to emanate from the Tvashtar volcano (62 degrees N, 122 degrees W), and its motion was observed. The plume's morphology and dynamics support nonballistic models of large Io plumes and also suggest that most visible plume particles condensed within the plume rather than being ejected from the source. In images taken in Jupiter eclipse, nonthermal visible-wavelength emission was seen from individual volcanoes near Io's sub-Jupiter and anti-Jupiter points. Near-infrared emission from the brightest volcanoes indicates minimum magma temperatures in the 1150- to 1335-kelvin range, consistent with basaltic composition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, J R -- Stern, S A -- Cheng, A F -- Weaver, H A -- Reuter, D C -- Retherford, K -- Lunsford, A -- Moore, J M -- Abramov, O -- Lopes, R M C -- Perry, J E -- Kamp, L -- Showalter, M -- Jessup, K L -- Marchis, F -- Schenk, P M -- Dumas, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):240-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, USA. spencer@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    Io's atmospheric response to eclipse: UV aurorae observations (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: The New Horizons (NH) spacecraft observed Io's aurora in eclipse on four occasions during spring 2007. NH Alice ultraviolet spectroscopy and concurrent Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet imaging in eclipse investigate the relative contribution of volcanoes to Io's atmosphere and its interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Auroral brightness and morphology variations after eclipse ingress and egress reveal changes in the relative contribution of sublimation and volcanic sources to the atmosphere. Brightnesses viewed at different geometries are best explained by a dramatic difference between the dayside and nightside atmospheric density. Far-ultraviolet aurora morphology reveals the influence of plumes on Io's electrodynamic interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Comparisons to detailed simulations of Io's aurora indicate that volcanoes supply 1 to 3% of the dayside atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Retherford, K D -- Spencer, J R -- Stern, S A -- Saur, J -- Strobel, D F -- Steffl, A J -- Gladstone, G R -- Weaver, H A -- Cheng, A F -- Parker, J Wm -- Slater, D C -- Versteeg, M H -- Davis, M W -- Bagenal, F -- Throop, H B -- Lopes, R M C -- Reuter, D C -- Lunsford, A -- Conard, S J -- Young, L A -- Moore, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):237-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA. KRetherford@swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Jupiter cloud composition, stratification, convection, and wave motion: a view from new horizons (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: Several observations of Jupiter's atmosphere made by instruments on the New Horizons spacecraft have implications for the stability and dynamics of Jupiter's weather layer. Mesoscale waves, first seen by Voyager, have been observed at a spatial resolution of 11 to 45 kilometers. These waves have a 300-kilometer wavelength and phase velocities greater than the local zonal flow by 100 meters per second, much higher than predicted by models. Additionally, infrared spectral measurements over five successive Jupiter rotations at spatial resolutions of 200 to 140 kilometers have shown the development of transient ammonia ice clouds (lifetimes of 40 hours or less) in regions of strong atmospheric upwelling. Both of these phenomena serve as probes of atmospheric dynamics below the visible cloud tops.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reuter, D C -- Simon-Miller, A A -- Lunsford, A -- Baines, K H -- Cheng, A F -- Jennings, D E -- Olkin, C B -- Spencer, J R -- Stern, S A -- Weaver, H A -- Young, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):223-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. dennis.c.reuter@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Spacecraft ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    New horizons mapping of Europa and Ganymede (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: The New Horizons spacecraft observed Jupiter's icy satellites Europa and Ganymede during its flyby in February and March 2007 at visible and infrared wavelengths. Infrared spectral images map H2O ice absorption and hydrated contaminants, bolstering the case for an exogenous source of Europa's "non-ice" surface material and filling large gaps in compositional maps of Ganymede's Jupiter-facing hemisphere. Visual wavelength images of Europa extend knowledge of its global pattern of arcuate troughs and show that its surface scatters light more isotropically than other icy satellites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grundy, W M -- Buratti, B J -- Cheng, A F -- Emery, J P -- Lunsford, A -- McKinnon, W B -- Moore, J M -- Newman, S F -- Olkin, C B -- Reuter, D C -- Schenk, P M -- Spencer, J R -- Stern, S A -- Throop, H B -- Weaver, H A -- New Horizons Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):234-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. mshowalter@seti.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Spacecraft ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Kinetics of individual nucleation events observed in nanoscale vapor-liquid-solid growth (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: We measured the nucleation and growth kinetics of solid silicon (Si) from liquid gold-silicon (AuSi) catalyst particles as the Si supersaturation increased, which is the first step of the vapor-liquid-solid growth of nanowires. Quantitative measurements agree well with a kinetic model, providing a unified picture of the growth process. Nucleation is heterogeneous, occurring consistently at the edge of the AuSi droplet, yet it is intrinsic and highly reproducible. We studied the critical supersaturation required for nucleation and found no observable size effects, even for systems down to 12 nanometers in diameter. For applications in nanoscale technology, the reproducibility is essential, heterogeneity promises greater control of nucleation, and the absence of strong size effects simplifies process design.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, B J -- Tersoff, J -- Kodambaka, S -- Reuter, M C -- Stach, E A -- Ross, F M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1070-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1163494.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 8
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    Mode locking of electron spin coherences in singly charged quantum dots (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: The fast dephasing of electron spins in an ensemble of quantum dots is detrimental for applications in quantum information processing. We show here that dephasing can be overcome by using a periodic train of light pulses to synchronize the phases of the precessing spins, and we demonstrate this effect in an ensemble of singly charged (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots. This mode locking leads to constructive interference of contributions to Faraday rotation and presents potential applications based on robust quantum coherence within an ensemble of dots.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greilich, A -- Yakovlev, D R -- Shabaev, A -- Efros, Al L -- Yugova, I A -- Oulton, R -- Stavarache, V -- Reuter, D -- Wieck, A -- Bayer, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):341-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Experimentelle Physik II, Universitat Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 9
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    Germanium nanowire growth below the eutectic temperature (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: Nanowires are conventionally assumed to grow via the vapor-liquid-solid process, in which material from the vapor is incorporated into the growing nanowire via a liquid catalyst, commonly a low-melting point eutectic alloy. However, nanowires have been observed to grow below the eutectic temperature, and the state of the catalyst remains controversial. Using in situ microscopy, we showed that, for the classic Ge/Au system, nanowire growth can occur below the eutectic temperature with either liquid or solid catalysts at the same temperature. We found, unexpectedly, that the catalyst state depends on the growth pressure and thermal history. We suggest that these phenomena may be due to kinetic enrichment of the eutectic alloy composition and expect these results to be relevant for other nanowire systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kodambaka, S -- Tersoff, J -- Reuter, M C -- Ross, F M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):729-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 10
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    The Israeli-Palestinian Science Organization (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiesel, Torsten -- Agre, Peter -- Arrow, Kenneth J -- Atiyah, Michael -- Brezin, Edouard -- Charfi, Faouzia Farida -- Cohen-Tanoudji, Claude -- Daar, Abdallah -- Jacob, Francois -- Kahneman, Daniel -- Lee, Yuan Tseh -- Nicolaisen, Ida -- Nusseibeh, Sari -- Reuter, Harald -- Shoham, Yoav -- Sulston, John -- Walzer, Michael -- Yaari, Menahem -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 5;315(5808):39.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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