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  • Chemistry  (20)
  • Humans  (11)
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  • 1980-1984  (21)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 91-103 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Forests ; Land clearing ; N-cycling ; N-fertilization ; Shifting-cultivation ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se conoce bastante poco acera de la dinámica del N en sistemas de agricultura migratoria y otras prácticas de cultivo en el trópico húmedo latinoamericano. Los suelos Oxisoles y Ultisoles que predominan en el 82% de la región están bastante bien dotados de N. Contrariamente a lo que comunmente se cree la mayoría del nitrógeno en ecosistemas naturales se encentra en el suelo y no en la biomasa. Por lo tanto las pérdidas de nitrógeno por la quema son del 20–25% del N existente en el ecosistema. El desmonte mecanizado causa mayores pérdidas de N que el desmonte por tumba y quema tradicional. La ceniza contribuye con cantidades considerables de nitrógeno (67–127 kg N ha−1) al suelo lo cual evita las deficiencias de nitrógeno para el primer cultivo que se siembra. En un Ultisol de la Amazonía la deficiencia de nitrógeno es aguda a partir del segundo cultivo. La tasa de descomposición total para el nitrógeno en la capa arable es alta durante los dos primeros años después de la quema pero se alcanza un nuevo valor de equlibrio posteriormente. La producción contínua de cultivos de ciclo corto es factible en estos suelos mediante prácticas agronómicas correctas. Los cultivos como el maiz y el arroz responden positivamente a dósis de 80–120 kg ha−1 de fertilización con N. La eficiencia de utilización del nitrógeno aplicado es comparable a la de zonas templadas y varía con la época de siembra y sistemas de cultivos. El establecimiento de pastizales después de la quema no causa pérdidas apreciable de nitrógeno en el suelo, especialmente si se siembran mezclas de gramineas con leguminosas y se manejan bien. Debido a que estas observaciones están basadas en datos recolectados en pocos sitios es por lo tanto dificil generalizar. La fertilización con nitrógeno debe considerarse conjuntamente con el manejo adecuado de otras limitaciones de los suelos tales como la acidez y el estado del suelo con respecto a otros elementos nutritivos.
    Notes: Abstract Relatively little is known about the dynamics of N in shifting cultivation and related cropping systems in the humid tropics of Latin America. The soils that predominate in 82% of the region, namely Oxisols and Ultisols, have a fairly high total N content. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the bulk of the N in tropical rainforests is present in the soil, and not in the biomass. Losses of N through clearing and burning are about 20–25% of the N existing in the ecosystem. Mechanized land clearing causes larger N losses than the traditional slash and burn method. Ashes can contribute substantial amounts (67–127 kg N ha−1) to the soil, which prevents N deficiency for the first crop sown, but N deficiency is observed from the second crop onwards. The rate of total-N decomposition in the arable layer is high during the first two years after burning, but subsequently reaches a new equilibrium with continuous cultivation. Continuous production of food crops is feasible in Ultisols and Oxisols of the Amazon with correct agronomic practices. Crops such as maize and rice require N fertilization rates of 80–120 kg N ha−1. The efficiency of applied-N utilization is comparable to that in the temperate zone and varies with planting season and cropping system. Pastures following burning do not cause significant losses of N in the soil, particularly if they consist of properly managed mixtures of grasses and legumes. These observations are based on data collected from only a small number of sites, making generalization difficult. Nitrogen dynamics should be viewed in conjunction with other soil factors such as acidity and the availability of other nutrients.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 815-818 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Steric Control in the Reaction of Substituted 2-Norbornyl CationsThe reaction of camphenilone (1b) with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O) yields 7,7-dimethyl-1,exo-2-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)norbornane (4b) (60%). 6,6-Dimethyl-2-norbornanone (1c) affords under the same conditions 6,6-dimethyl-2-norbornen-2-yl triflate (5c) (70%). The reaction pathways of the intermediate 2-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)-2-norbornyl cations are mostly controlled by steric factors, the inductive effect playing no significant role.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 183 (1982), S. 1353-1359 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The apparent Young's modulus shows a linear relationship with junction density of chitosan films. The linear relationship of apparent Young's modulus with chitosan concentration is also observed. The linear relationship depends of the acid used in the casting solution. Relaxation times were of the order of 104 seconds, indicating a slow physical process. Stress-relaxation behavior of swollen chitosan films, prepared by solvent casting from dilute acetic or propionic acid solutions, can be represented by a one-component Maxwell model.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2153-2159 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 13C NMR spectroscopy was used for the determination of the sequence distribution in vinyl alcohol-ethyl vinyl carbonate copolymers prepared by reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with ethyl chloroformate. The 13C NMR spectra of the methylene carbons in the main chain show three split peaks whose intensities change with copolymer composition. These peaks can be assigned to the three dyad sequences. The obtained results show that ethyl vinyl carbonate units have an alternating tendency in the copolymer chain. The Tg values of the vinyl alcohol-ethyl vinyl carbonate and vinyl alcohol-butyl vinyl carbonate copolymers are influenced by both the overall copolymer composition and the monomer sequence distribution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of nine poly(N-n-alkylmaleimide)s (PMIs) with the n-alkyl side chain ranging in length from ethyl to octadecyl and including only the even members of the series was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from 100 K to above the glass transition temperature. The nine members of the PMI series generally were found to exhibit a glass transition temperature (Tg), a sub-glass transition temperature (sub-Tg = Tγ), and, but only the four higher homologs a melting point (Tm) with the respective melting enthalpy (ΔHf). The glass transition of the amorphous members is directly related to the number of methylene groups (including terminal methyl) of the n-alkyl side chain of the repeating unit. The values of Tg estimated according to a semi-empirical equation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The melting points of the members of the series presenting crystallinity in the n-alkyl side chain were analyzed. A good fit of a Garner plot by a least-mean-squares procedure is obtained with T0m = 408,0K, a = -6,26 and b = -2,03. The contribution to the heat of melting per methylene unit clearly demonstrates that the hexagonal paraffin crystal structure is present in the crystalline members, in agreement with X-ray data. The data when analyzed by Jordan′s procedure show that only part of the n-alkyl side chain is forming a crystal lattice.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 92 (1980), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von Carbonsäurechloriden mit Polyvinylalkohol wurde untersucht. Die Struktur der modifizierten Polymeren wurde durch IR-, UV-, NMR-Spektroskopie und chemische Analysen bestimmt. Durch die Reaktion des Polyvinylalkohols mit n-Buttersäurechloride entstehen Vinylalkohol-Vinylbutyrat-Copolymere. Wenn der Umsatz dieser Reaktion kleiner als 50% ist, findet man eine Kinetik zweiter Ordnung mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von 9.9 kcal/mol. Wenn Pyridin als Katalysator verwendet wird, nimmt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bemerkenswert zu, unabhängig von dem verwendeten Säurechlorid. Wenn man Triäthylamin als Katalysator verwendet, dann erscheinen aufgepfropfte β-Ketoester-Gruppen in den Polymerketten. Wegen der sterischen Hinderung dieser Nebengruppen wird der Umsatz nicht höher als 30%. Je größber der Gehalt an Estergruppen ist, um so weniger hydrophil ist das Polymere, wie durch Quellungsmessungen der Vinylalkohol-Vinylbutyrat-Copolymeren in Wasser festgestellt wurde.
    Notes: This work deals with some features of the reaction of organic acid chlorides with poly(vinyl alcohol). The structure of the modified polymers was determined by means of IR, UV and NMR spectroscopy as well as by chemical analysis. Vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyrate copolymers were obtained by reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with n-butyryl chloride without any catalyst. The reaction appeared to satisfy a second order kinetics for conversions no higher than 50%. The activation energy found was of 9.9 kcal/mol. The use of pyridine as a catalyst involved a noticeable increase of the reaction rate, but this effect was found to be independent of the acid chloride used. When triethylamine was used as a catalyst, β-keto ester groups were found to be grafted onto the polymer chain. The steric hindrance of these groups were thought to be sufficiently important for the conversion to reach a limit of about 30%. The observed swelling in water of vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyrate copolymers made it reasonable to conclude that the hydrophilic character of the copolymers decreased progressively when the ester group content increased.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An abbreviated review of the current state of knowledge of polymer interfacial phenomena is given. Classical thermodynamics treats the interfacial zone (the interphase) as a “black box” and yields rigorous relationships among interfacial quantities. A recent reformulation of interphase thermodynamics, which eliminates the use of a Gibbs dividing surface, is shown to be an invaluable tool for investigating interfacial properties. Microscopic theories, such as the gradient theory, yield more details about what is in the black box, but the information is only approximate. The gradient theory has been used to: (1) relate the surface tension of a polymer liquid to its isothermal compressibility, (2) develop a quantitative theory of polymer liquid surface tension, and (3) determine the interfacial tension between two immiscible polymer liquids. The gradient theory will be shown to be in harmony with the microscopic theory of Helfand and co-workers although the latter treats polymer interfaces from a completely different point of view.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 598-600 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents an overview of the subject of phase separation in polymer blends with an emphasis on the thermodynamic stability criteria for phase stability and the classical thermodynamic and microscopic description of polymer interfaces.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of some 2-aminotetralins, 2-aminoindanes and benzocycloheptenylamines are presented. Most of the compounds give very simple spectra with three dominant peaks. A fragmentation route is suggested in order to rationalize the C - N bond cleavage with charge migration leading to one of the diagnostic fragments.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1511-1517 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hardening process of natural (Hevea brasiliensis) rubber, that takes place when this rubber is stored in dry conditions over long periods of time, has been correlated with the presence of reactive “abnormal” groups directly grafted on the polymeric chain and in the serum of the latex. In the present work, natural Hevea (HR) and Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) rubber (GR) were stored under accelerated conditions and the changes in Mooney viscosity and molecular weight measured. The results showed that while HR undergoes hardening, GR keeps its Mooney viscosity constant, as does a constant viscosity (CV) Hevea rubber. These results are explained by the absence of functional “abnormal” groups that sustain the hardening reactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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