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1

Digitale Medien

Site of nitrous oxide production in field soils (1985)

Goodroad, L. L. ; Keeney, D. R.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 3-7

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil profile

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes at the soil surface and concentrations at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m were determined in a 40-year-old planted tallgrass (XXX) prairie, a 40-year-old white pine (Pinus strobus) plantation, and field plots treated annually for 18 years either with 33 metric tons of manure ha−1 (330 kg N ha−1) and NH4NO3 (80 kg N ha−1) or with only NH4NO3 (control). Nitrous oxide fluxes from the prairie, forest, manure-amended, and control sites from 13 May to 10 November 1980 ranged from 0.2 to 1.3, 3.5 to 19.5, 3.7 to 79.0, and 1.7 to 24.8 ng N2O-N m−2s−1, respectively. We observed periods when there was no apparent relationship between the N2O flux from the surface and N2O concentrations in the soil profile. This was generally the case in the prairie and in the field sites following the application of N fertilizer. The N2O concentrations in the soil profile increased markedly and coincided with increased soil water content following periods of heavy rainfall for all sites except the prairie. Nitrous oxide concentration gradients indicate that following heavy rainfalls the site of N2O production was moved from the surface deeper into the soil profile. We suggest that the source of N2O production near the surface is nitrification and that N2O is produced by denitrification of NO3 leached into the soil following heavy rainfall.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710964

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2

Digitale Medien

Influence of the water regime on denitrification and aerobic respiration in soil (1986)

Kroeckel, L. ; Stolp, H.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 15-21

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Aerobic respiration ; Water potential ; Soil respiration

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The influence of soil moisture on denitrification and aerobic respiration was studied in a mull rendzina soil. N2O formation did not occur below −30 kPa matric water potential (Ψm), above 0.28 air-filled porosity (a) and below 0.55 fractional water saturation (Θv/PV ≙ volumetric water content/total pore volume). Half maximum rates of N2O production and O2 consumption were obtained between Ψm = −1.2 and −12 kPa,a = 0.05 and 0.23, and Θv/PV = 0.63 and 0.92. No oxygen consumption was measured at Θv/PC ≧ 1.17. O2 uptake and denitrification occurred simultaneously arounda = 0.10 (at Ψm = −10 kPa and Θv/PV = 0.81) at mean rates of 3.5 µl O2 and 0.3 µl N2 h−1g−1 soil. Undisturbed, field-moist soil saturated with nitrate solution showed constant consumption and production rates, respectively, of 0.6 µl O and 0.22 µl N2O h−1g−1 soil, whereas the rates of air-dried remoistened soil were at least 10 times these values. The highest rates obtained in remoistened soil amended with glucose and nitrate were 130 µl O2 and 27 µl N2O h−1g−1 soil.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638956

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3

Digitale Medien

Potential for higher rates of denitrification in earthworm casts than in the surrounding soil (1986)

Svensson, B. H. ; Boström, U. ; Klemedtson, L.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 147-149

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; N2O ; Earthworm casts ; Respiration ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Medicago sativa

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) were cultured in the laboratory and fed on lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Denitrification rates in the surface casts and the surrounding soil were quantified using C2H2-inhibition of nitrous oxide reductase. The investigation also included determination of the N2O-formation by nitrification as well as CO2-formation as a measure of respiration. The denitrification rates of wet earthworm casts were found to be significantly higher than those occurring in wet samples from the soil. The low N2O-formation observed seemed to be due to denitrification. Respiration was higher in casts, indicating higher oxygen demand which resulted in more anaerobic conditions. The energy supply was probably better in casts compared with the surrounding soil.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257593

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4

Digitale Medien

Nitrification activity in submerged soils and its relation to denitrification loss (1988)

Katyal, J. C. ; Carter, M. F. ; Vlek, P. L. G.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 16-22

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Nitrification activity ; Submerged soils ; Denitrification ; 15N balance

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Nitrification activity (formation of NO 2 − + NO 3 − per unit soil weight) was measured in the surface layer of 15 presubmerged soils incubated in petri dishes under flooded but aerobic conditions. soils with pH above 5 nitrified quickly, whereas soils with pH below this level did not nitrify or nitrified slowly. The pH values between 7 and 8.5 were optimal for nitrification. Organic-matter levels in the 15 soils of our study did not influence their nitrification activities. In a follow-up greenhouse pot study, after a period of 3 weeks, 15N-balance measurements showed that the loss of N through apparent denitrification did not follow the nitrification patterns of the soils observed in the petri dishes. Apparent denitrification accounted for 16.8% and 18.9% loss of 15N from a soil with insignificant nitrification activity and a soil with high nitrification activity, respectively. These results, thus, indicate a lack of correspondence between the nitrification activities of soil and the denitrification loss of N when the former was measured in the dark and the latter was estimated in the light. Soils that nitrified in the darkness of the incubator did not nitrify in the daylight in the greenhouse.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260726

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5

Digitale Medien

Relationships between soil moisture content and nitrous oxide production during nitrification and denitrification (1988)

Klemedtsson, L. ; Svensson, B. H. ; Rosswall, T.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 106-111

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil water content ; N2O production ; Acetylene ; Ammonium fixation

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The effect of soil water content [60%–100% water-holding capacity (WHC)] on N2O production during autotrophic nitrification and denitrification in a loam soil was studied in a laboratory experiment by selectively inhibiting nitrification with a low C2H2 concentration (2.1 Pa). Nitrifiers usually produced more N2O than denitrifiers. During an initial experimental period of 0–6 days the nitrifiers produced more N2O than the denitrifiers by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 16.5, depending on the water content and length of incubation. The highest N2O production rate by nitrifiers was observed at 90% WHC, when the soil had become partly anaerobic, as indicated by the high denitrification rate. At 100% WHC there were large gaseous losses from denitrification, while nitrification losses were smaller except for the first period of measurement, when there was still some O2 remaining in the soil. The use of 10 kPa C2H2 to inhibit reduction of N2O to N2 stimulated the denitrification process during prolonged incubation over several days; thus the method is unsuitable for long-term studies.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257658

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6

Digitale Medien

A method of selective inhibition to distinguish between nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitrous oxide in soil (1988)

Klemedtsson, L. ; Svensson, B. H. ; Rosswall, T.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 112-119

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Selective inhibitors ; Nitrapyrin ; Acetylene ; Nitrous oxide

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Nitrapyrin and C2H2 were evaluated as nitrification inhibitors in soil to determine the relative contributions of denitrification and nitrification to total N2O production. In laboratory experiments nitrapyrin, or its solvent xylene, stimulated denitrification directly or indirectly and was therefore considered unsuitable. Low partial pressures of C2H2 (2.5–5.0 Pa) inhibited nitrification and had only a small effect on denitrification, which made it possible to estimate the contribution of denitrification. The contribution of nitrification was estimated by subtracting the denitrification value from total N2O production (samples without C2H2). The critical C2H2 concentrations needed to achieve inhibition of nitrification, without affecting the N2O reductase in denitrifiers, must be individually determined for each set of experimental conditions.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257659

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7

Digitale Medien

Denitrification under different cultivated plants: effects of soil moisture tension, nitrate concentration, and photosynthetic activity (1988)

Bakken, L. R.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 271-278

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Soil moisture ; Roots ; Photosynthesis ; Acetylene inhibition method

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Plant effects on the denitrification rate were investigated in pot experiments at different soil moisture tensions and nitrate concentrations. Nitrate concentrations and the soil moisture tension were regulated immediately before each measurement. The effects of the plants on denitrification rates were dependent on the soil moisture tension. At a low soil moisture tension (−7 cm H2O), there was a 10-fold increase in the denitrification rate (planted versus unplanted soil). At a medium moisture tension (−30 cm H2O) the plants had practically no effect, and at the highest tension (−60 cm H2O) the effect was slightly negative. Large differences in denitrification rates under different plant species were observed. At a low soil moisture tension, the average denitrification rate (μg N kg−1 soil h−1) was 39–42 under small grains (barley, wheat, and oats), 47–82 under the grasses (cocksfoot, meadow grass, meadow fescue, and timothy) and 18 under red clover. The differences between the monocots were attributable to differences in plant growth rates, rather than to any specific difference in stimulation or inhibition of denitrification, since the variations in photosynthetic activity fairly well predicted the differences in denitrification rates under different monocots. Clover, however, gave much lower denitrification rates than those predicted by the photosynthetic activity.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261011

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8

Digitale Medien

Influence of oxygen on denitrification and aerobic respiration in soil (1985)

Kroeckel, L. ; Stolp, H.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 189-193

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Aerobic respiration ; P02 ; Rendzina soil ; Water potential

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The influence of the partial pressure of oxygen on denitrification and aerobic respiration was investigated at defined P02 values in a mull rendzina soil. The highest denitrification and respiration rates obtained in remoistened, glucose- and nitrate-amended soil were 43 μ1 N20 h−1g−1 soil and 130 μ1 O2 h−1g−1 soil, respectively. At -55 kPa matric water potential, corresponding to 40% water saturation, N20 was produced only below P02 40 hPa. The K m, for O2 was 3.0 x 10−6 M. Formation of N2O and consumption of O2 occurred simultaneously with half maximum rates at P02 6.7–13.3 hPa. Nitrite accumulated in soil below 40 hPa and increased with decreasing pO2. The upper threshold for N20 formation in amended soil was P02 33–40 hPa (39-47 μM O2).

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257636

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9

Digitale Medien

Participation of soluble and oxidizable soil organic compounds in denitrification (1985)

Katz, R. ; Hagin, J. ; Kurtz, L. T.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 209-213

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Soluble organic carbon ; Electron donors ; Oxygen consumption

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The role of soluble organic carbon (SOC) in denitrification in four mineral soils and one organic soil was evaluated in laboratory studies. Denitrification capacities and SOC concentrations were determined by nitrate loss from air-dried flooded soil treated with a solution containing 100 μg/ml N03 −-N, while the rate of consumption was measured by Warburg manometry on 20 g air-dried soils to which 10 ml water had been added. High correlation coefficients (r 〉 0.93) were obtained between denitrification capacities, SOC, and oxygen consumption in the five soils. A mineral soil was amended with extracts of an organic soil. After incubating for 1 week, denitrification capacity was enhanced and SOC concentrations decreased in that soil. Extracted mineral soil had a lower denitrification capacity than an unextracted one. Decreases in concentrations of SOC were related to color change. Infrared spectra of precipitates from soil extracts indicated that absorption at wave number 1420–1440 cm -1 was also related to the color changes. It was implied that low molecular weight fulvic acid like compounds represented the SOC mineralized in denitrification, and that their supply to soil solution by solubilization of organic matter influenced the denitrification rate in the soil.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257639

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