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  • 1
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    Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-11
    Description: Terrestrial vegetation, especially tropical rain forest, releases vast quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere, which are removed by oxidation reactions and deposition of reaction products. The oxidation is mainly initiated by hydroxyl radicals (OH), primarily formed through the photodissociation of ozone. Previously it was thought that, in unpolluted air, biogenic VOCs deplete OH and reduce the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Conversely, in polluted air VOC oxidation leads to noxious oxidant build-up by the catalytic action of nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO + NO2). Here we report aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases performed over the pristine Amazon forest. Our data reveal unexpectedly high OH concentrations. We propose that natural VOC oxidation, notably of isoprene, recycles OH efficiently in low-NO(x) air through reactions of organic peroxy radicals. Computations with an atmospheric chemistry model and the results of laboratory experiments suggest that an OH recycling efficiency of 40-80 per cent in isoprene oxidation may be able to explain the high OH levels we observed in the field. Although further laboratory studies are necessary to explore the chemical mechanism responsible for OH recycling in more detail, our results demonstrate that the biosphere maintains a remarkable balance with the atmospheric environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- Butler, T M -- Crowley, J N -- Dillon, T J -- Fischer, H -- Ganzeveld, L -- Harder, H -- Lawrence, M G -- Martinez, M -- Taraborrelli, D -- Williams, J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 10;452(7188):737-40. doi: 10.1038/nature06870.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 27 Becherweg, 55128 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401407" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Butadienes/metabolism ; French Guiana ; Guyana ; Hemiterpenes/metabolism ; Hydroxyl Radical/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ozone/analysis ; Pentanes/metabolism ; Suriname ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methylperoxy self-reaction: products and branching ratio between 223 and 333 K (1990)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 94 (1990), S. 8198-8203 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100384a040
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Dependence of the Product Branching Ratios of the ClO Self-Reaction in Oxygen (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 98 (1994), S. 11924-11930 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100097a019
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Room temperature rate coefficient for the reaction between CH3O2 and NO3 (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 22 (1990), S. 673-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular modulation spectroscopic technique was employed to study the kinetics of NO3 radicals produced in the 253.7 nm photolysis of flowing gas mixtures of HNO3/CH4/O2 at room temperature. By computer fitting of the NO3 temporal behavior, a rate coefficient of (2.3 ± 0.7) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was obtained for the reaction between NO3 and CH3O2 at 298 K.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.550220703
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical detection of NO3 and NO2 in “pure” HNO3 vapor, the liquid-phase decomposition of HNO3 (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 25 (1993), S. 795-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Flowing and static gas-phase samples of HNO3 in O2 and N2 were analyzed by long-path ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) spectroscopy to reveal the presence of both NO2 and NO3, the concentrations of which were calculated using differential absorption cross sections. NO2 is produced predominantly by the heterogeneous decomposition of HNO3, whereas NO3 is generated in the gas phase by the thermal decomposition of N2O5, a product of the self-disproportionation of liquid HNO3. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.550250910
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  • 6
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    Direct detection of OH formation in the reactions of HO2 with CH3 C(O)O2 and other substituted peroxy radicals (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-11
    Description: This work details the first direct observation of OH as a product from (R1): HO2+CH3C(O)O2→(products), which has generally been considered an atmospheric radical termination process. The technique of pulsed laser photolysis radical generation, coupled to calibrated laser induced fluorescence detection was used to measure an OH product yield for (R1) of (α1=0.5±0.2). This study of (R1) included the measurement of a rate coefficient k1(298 K)=1.4±0.5)×10-11cm3 molecule−1 s−1, substantially reducing the uncertainties in modelling this important atmospheric reaction. OH was also detected as a product from the reactions of HO2 with three other carbonyl-containing peroxy radicals, albeit at smaller yield, e.g. (R2): HO2+CH3C(O)CH2O2→(products), α2≈0.15. By contrast, OH was not observed (α
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
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    Modelling the reversible uptake of chemical species in the gas phase by ice particles formed in a convective cloud (2009)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The present paper is a preliminary study preparing the introduction of reversible trace gas uptake by ice particles into a 3-D cloud resolving model. For this a 3-D simulation of a tropical deep convection cloud was run with the BRAMS cloud resolving model using a two-moment bulk microphysical parameterization. Trajectories encountering the convective clouds were computed from these simulation outputs along which the variations of the pristine ice, snow and aggregate mixing ratios and size distributions were extracted. The reversible uptake of 11 trace gases by ice was examined assuming applicability of Langmuir isotherms using recently evaluated (IUPAC) laboratory data. The results show that ice uptake is only significant for HNO3, HCl, CH3COOH and HCOOH. For H2O2, using new results for the partition coefficient results in significant partitioning to the ice phase for this trace gas also. It was also shown that the uptake is largely dependent on the temperature for some species. The adsorption saturation at the ice surface for large gas concentrations is generally not a limiting factor except for HNO3 and HCl for gas concentration greater than 1 ppbv. For HNO3, results were also obtained using a trapping theory, resulting in a similar order of magnitude of uptake, although the two approaches are based on different assumptions. The results were compared to those obtained using a BRAMS cloud simulation based on a single-moment microphysical scheme instead of the two moment scheme. We found similar results with a slightly more important uptake when using the single-moment scheme which is related to slightly higher ice mixing ratios in this simulation. The way to introduce these results in the 3-D cloud model is discussed.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    The atmospheric chemistry of sulphuryl fluoride, SO2F2 (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-13
    Description: The atmospheric chemistry of sulphuryl fluoride, SO2F2, was investigated in a series of laboratory studies. A competitive rate method, using pulsed laser photolysis (PLP) to generate O(1D) coupled to detection of OH by laser induced fluorescence (LIF), was used to determine the overall rate coefficient for the reaction O(1D) + SO2F2 → products (R1) of k1 (220–300 K) = (1.3 ± 0.2) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Monitoring the O(3P) product (R1a) enabled the contribution (α) of the physical quenching process (in which SO2F2 is not consumed) to be determined as α (225–296 K)=(0.55 ± 0.04). Separate, relative rate measurements at 298 K provided a rate coefficient for reactive loss of O(1D), k1b, of (5.8 ± 0.8) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 in good agreement with the value calculated from (1−α) × k1=(5.9 ± 1.0) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Upper limits for the rate coefficients for reaction of SO2F2 with OH (R2, using PLP-LIF), and with O3 (R3, static reactor) were determined as k2 (294 K)
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Direct detection of OH formation in the reactions of HO2 with CH3C(O)O2 and other substituted peroxy radicals (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-26
    Description: This work details the first direct observation of OH as a product from (R1): HO2+CH3C(O)O2→(products), which has generally been considered an atmospheric radical termination process. The technique of pulsed laser photolysis radical generation, coupled to calibrated laser induced fluorescence detection was used to measure an OH product yield for (R1) of α1(298 K)=(0.5±0.2). This study of (R1) included the measurement of a rate coefficient k1(298 K)=(1.4±0.5)×10−11cm3 molecule−1 s−1, substantially reducing the uncertainties in modelling this important atmospheric reaction. OH was also detected as a product from the reactions of HO2 with three other carbonyl-containing peroxy radicals, albeit at smaller yield, e.g. (R2): HO2+CH3C(O)CH2O2→(products), α2≈0.15. By contrast, OH was not observed (α
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    The Comparative Reactivity Method – a new tool to measure total OH Reactivity in ambient air (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-22
    Description: Hydroxyl (OH) radicals play a vital role in maintaining the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. To understand variations in OH radicals both source and sink terms must be understood. Currently the overall sink term, or the total atmospheric reactivity to OH, is poorly constrained. Here, we present a new on-line method to directly measure the total OH reactivity (i.e.~total loss rate of OH radicals) in a sampled air mass. In this method, a reactive molecule (X), not normally present in air, is passed through a glass reactor and its concentration is monitored with a suitable detector. OH radicals are then introduced in the glass reactor at a constant rate to react with X, first in the presence of zero air and then in the presence of ambient air containing VOCs and other OH reactive species. Comparing the amount of X exiting the reactor with and without the ambient air allows the air reactivity to be determined. In our existing set up, X is pyrrole and the detector used is a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer. The present dynamic range for ambient air reactivity is about 6 to 300 s−1, with an overall maximum uncertainty of 25% above 8 s−1 and up to 50% between 6–8 s−1. The system has been tested and calibrated with different single and mixed hydrocarbon standards showing excellent linearity and accountability with the reactivity of the standards. Potential interferences such as high NO in ambient air, varying relative humidity and photolysis of pyrrole within the setup have also been investigated. While interferences due changing humidity and photolysis of pyrrole are easily overcome by ensuring that humidity in the set up does not change drastically and the photolytic loss of pyrrole is measured and taken into account, respectively, NO〉10 ppb in ambient air remains a significant interference for the current configuration of the instrument. Field tests in the tropical rainforest of Suriname (~53 s
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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