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  • Lepidoptera  (37)
  • phosphorus  (35)
  • healthy volunteers
  • Springer  (94)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (47)
  • 1980-1984  (47)
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nutrient cycling ; stratification ; epilimnion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus regeneration from lake sediments, and subsequent migration to trophogenic surface water, significantly contributes to the lake nutrient budgets and algal bloom conditions in some lake types. Decomposition of organic matter in deep water and sediments results in the accumulation of regenerated nutrients, alternate electron acceptors (reduced products of anaerobic respiration = COD), carbon dioxide, and depletion of dissolved oxygen (electron acceptor in aerobic respiration). Thermal stratification creates spatial segregation of trophogenic and tropholytic environments in the lake, resulting in gradients between sediments, hypolimnion, and the epilimnion. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and reduced alternate electron acceptors between the hypolimnion and epilimnion affects the productivity of a lake. Secchi depth, temperature, and dissolved oxygen profiles were determined twice each week from May 1980 to October 1980 at each of five lake stations. Nutrient concentration profiles, including total soluble and total phosphorus, ammonium-N, nitrate, soluble Kjeldahl, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen were determined twice each month. Epilimnetic algal samples were collected twice each week using Kemmerer and water column ‘straw’ amplers. Cell counts of total, green, bluegreen, and diatom algae groups were made. Three methods were used to describe hypolimnetic-epilimnetic exchange, including coefficients of eddy diffusion (based on lake heat budget), a graphical method of defining thermocline location, and relative thermal resistance to mixing (RTRM, based on density differences). All three methods yeilded comparable estimates of net seasonal transport. The graphical and RTRM methods described events occurring at shorter intervals (greater resolution). We find general agreement between the three methods of describing hypolimnetic-epilimnetic transport. The frequency of sampling resulted in increased resolution of thermal profiles (in time), allowing accurate estimation of short-term nutrient flux into epilimnetic waters. An algal bloom event occurred 5 to 12 days following erosion of the top of the metalimnion to below the aerobic-anaerobic interface. The lag time to peak algal concentration, following such events, decreased through the summer (June = 12 days, September = 5 days)
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nutrient cycling ; stratification ; epilimnion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus regeneration from lake sediments, and subsequent migration to trophogenic surface water, significantly contributes to the lake nutrient budgets and algal bloom conditions in some lake types. Decomposition of organic matter in deep water and sediments results in the accumulation of regenerated nutrients, alternate electron acceptors (reduced products of anaerobic respiration = COD), carbon dioxide, and depletion of dissolved oxygen (electron acceptor in aerobic respiration). Thermal stratification creates spatial segregation of trophogenic and tropholytic environments in the lake, resulting in gradients between sediments, hypolimnion, and the epilimnion. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and reduced alternate electron acceptors between the hypolimnion and epilimnion affects the productivity of a lake. Secchi depth, temperature, and dissolved oxygen profiles were determined twice each week from May 1980 to October 1980 at each of five lake stations. Nutrient concentration profiles, including total soluble and total phosphorus, ammonium-N, nitrate, soluble Kjeldahl, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen were determined twice each month. Epilimnetic algal samples were collected twice each week using Kemmerer and water column ‘straw’ amplers. Cell counts of total, green, bluegreen, and diatom algae groups were made. Three methods were used to describe hypolimnetic-epilimnetic exchange, including coefficients of eddy diffusion (based on lake heat budget), a graphical method of defining thermocline location, and relative thermal resistance to mixing (RTRM, based on density differences). All three methods yeilded comparable estimates of net seasonal transport. The graphical and RTRM methods described events occurring at shorter intervals (greater resolution). We find general agreement between the three methods of describing hypolimnetic-epilimnetic transport. The frequency of sampling resulted in increased resolution of thermal profiles (in time), allowing accurate estimation of short-term nutrient flux into epilimnetic waters. An algal bloom event occurred 5 to 12 days following erosion of the top of the metalimnion to below the aerobic-anaerobic interface. The lag time to peak algal concentration, following such events, decreased through the summer (June = 12 days, September = 5 days)
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biodegradation ; hydrocarbon ; nitrogen ; nutrient ratios ; phosphorus ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of hexadecane (C as hexadecane-C) was assessed under 34 different external nitrogen (N supplied as NO3-N) and phosphorus (P supplied as PO4-3-P) supply conditions in order to determine how different nutrient formulations affected nutrient limitation conditions during degradation. CO2 production yields indicated that shifts in N and P supply levels resulted in variable biodegradation responses due to shifts in the limiting-nutrient (e.g., from N to P). For example, the estimated maximum fractional CO2 yield ratio was 0.24 (mg CO2-C produced mg-1 hexadecane-C) for P-limited nutrient formulations (P:hexadecane-C〈0.01), whereas the yield ratio was more than two times greater when the system was not P- limited. Similar effects were observed for N-limited (N:hexadecane- C〈0.15) versus non-N-limited formulations. The relative bioavailability of natural soil-N and soil-P also was examined. In the soil studied, background soil-N was 96.3% organic-N and was found to be largely nonbioavailable. In contrast, high CO2 yields were observed even when no external P was supplied. An iterative mathematical procedure indicated that the Olsen soil-P subfraction (inorganic soil-P plus soluble organic soil- P) best approximated bioavailable soil-P for this soil. Our results indicate that both N and P additions affect biodegradation yields, but that stoichiometrically inappropriate nutrient mixes produce suboptimal CO2 yields. We also found that the bioavailable fractions of soil-N and soil-P should be incorporated into estimating the most suitable nutrient formulations for a given contamination scenario.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Strontium ; oraler Strontium-Test ; Calcium ; Absorption ; gesunde Probanden ; Strontium ; oral strontium test ; calcium ; absorption ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intestinal strontium absorption has been discussed recently as an indirect measure for calcium uptake. Prerequisite for the clinical use of an oral strontium test is the availability of a reliable procedure including controlled strontium supply, sample pretreatment and analysis as well as the assessment of normal values. In the present study, a group of young females (n=33; 24.0 ± 2.7 y; BMI 21.5 ± 1.9) received an oral dose of 2.27 mmol strontium in a standardized breakfast that contained 0.625 mmol calcium. Before and 220 min after the bolus serum strontium concentrations were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (coefficient of variation: within day 4.8 %, n=10; day-to-day 9.5 %, n=8). The error of the method was 2.7 %. Calculation of the fractional strontium absorption rate considered the respective distribution volume (extracellular fluid; either estimated using body weight or determined by means of bioimpedance analysis [BIA]). Average absorption rates were 13.3 ± 3.1 % and, considering BIA measurement 13.6 ± 2.6 %, respectively. Smoking, exercise and, use of oral contraceptives showed no effects. Our oral strontium test is characterized by excellent reliability, easy handling and low costs and, thus, is suitable for routine use.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Erfassung der Strontiumabsorption wird heute als indirektes Verfahren zur Beurteilung der intestinalen Calciumabsorption diskutiert. Voraussetzung für die klinische Anwendung ist ein vertrauenswürdiges Testverfahren inclusive kontrollierter Strontiumgabe, Probenaufarbeitung und -analyse sowie die Erfassung von Normalwerten. Für unsere Studien wurde ein Kollektiv junger Frauen (n=33, 24,0 ± 2,7 Jahre; BMI 21,5 ± 1,9) herangezogen. Die Probandinnen erhielten eine Bolusgabe von 2,27 mmol Strontium zusammen mit einem Standardfrühstück (ca. 0,625 mmol Calcium). Vor und 220 min nach der Bolusgabe erfolgte die Bestimmung des Serum-Strontiumgehaltes mittels Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie. Der Variationskoeffizient der Methode lag innerhalb eines Tages bei 4,8 % (n=10) und von Tag zu Tag 9,5 % (n=8). Der Fehler der Methode betrug 2,7 %. Die Berechnung der fraktionellen Strontiumabsorptionsrate erfolgte unter Berücksichtigung des entsprechenden Verteilungsraumes (Extrazellulärflüssigkeit; Schätzverfahren über Körpergewicht bzw. Bioimpedanz-Analyse [BIA]). Die Strontiumabsorptionsrate lag im Mittel bei 13,3 ± 3,1 %, unter Berücksichtigung der BIA-Werte bei 13,6 ± 2,6 %. Rauchen, sportliche Aktivität bzw. Einnahme oraler Kontrazeptiva zeigten keinen Einfluß. Das hier vorgestellte Testverfahren ist aufgrund seiner hohen Vertrauenswürdigkeit und relativ einfacher Handhabung für Routine-untersuchungen geeignet.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: fruit-piercing moths ; Pacific biotypes ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Fabaceae ; Menispermaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; host-finding behaviour ; visual cues ; host-choice ; interaction ; odour ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The approach and landing responses of female Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to visual cues from artificial plant leaves of different shapes and presence/absence of cabbage plant odour were investigated in a laboratory wind tunnel. The leaves were painted with cadmium yellow colour and observed under dim red light. Females showed oriented flight towards plant odours but landed significantly more often when the odour was presented with an artificial leaf. In three-choice tests, the shape of the leaf targets (circle, square or triangle) did not influence the female response. However, the size of the target did influence the insect response: the females preferred landing on square targets with sides of 5 or 10 cm rather than on the largest target, with sides of 15 cm. The orientation of the target influenced the insects' response: females landed significantly more often on the target positioned vertically than horizontally.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; Isomate-C ; tree banding ; organic apples ; biological agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C®, post-harvest removal of fruit, and trapping overwintering larvae with cardboard tree bands, was used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in four commercial ‘organic’ apple orchards in Cawston, British Columbia during 1989–1992. One application of 1000 dispensers − 1 on May 1 delivered estimated seasonal totals of 16.6, 16.5 and 19.9 g of E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [=codlemone] − 1in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively, at median rates of 8.4, 8.3, and 13.3 mg · 〈 ha−1 · ha−1 during dusk flight periods of first brood and 5.3, 4.7 and 4.6 mg · − 1· ha−1 in second brood, respectively. Over this 3-year period damage from codling moth at harvest ranged from 0.08 to 2.4%, and averaged 60.7% in these four organic orchards, while damage in five conventional orchards receiving sprays of azinphosmethyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.85%, and averaged 0.5%. Damage in an experimental orchard that was banded only, ranged from 43.5 to 56.7%, and averaged 48.9%. Between 1990 and 1992 cumulative male catches in Pherocon 1-CP wing traps baited with 10 mg of codlemone declined by 52% and densities of overwintering codling moth larvae declined an average of 49.5% in all organic orchards. Overwintering populations in the banded experimental orchard showed an increase of 57.7% during this study period. We conclude that an integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding, controls codling moth effectively enough to make organic apple production viable in British Columbia.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: attraction ; Allium ; EAG ; generations ; green leaf volatiles ; Hyponomeutoidea ; Lepidoptera ; leek moth ; walking behaviour ; olfactory responsiveness ; rearing conditions ; sensitivity variations ; sulphur volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three strains of the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella, were compared: two reared on leek leaves (Allium porrum) for which generations 10 to 12 (L) or generation 2 (G2) were used, the third one (D) reared on an artificial diet incorporating leek powder, for which generation ca 140 was examined. The walking behaviour (L and D) and the antennal responsiveness (L, G2 and D) were compared between individuals subjected to leek leaf odour and 4 volatiles identified in these leaves: 2 specific sulphur ones (dipropyl thiosulphinate and dipropyl disulphide) and 2 ‘general green leaf volatiles’ (cis-3-hexen-1-ol and trans-2-hexen-1-ol). The walking behavioural thresholds to leek odour, dipropyl thiosulphinate, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol were lower for L than for D females. The chemoanemotactic responses to dipropyl disulphide are almost identical, and trans-2-hexen-1-ol has nearly no activity. Accordingly, the olfactory sensitivity (assessed by EAG) to sulphur volatiles and cis-3-hexen-1-ol was higher for L and G2 females than for D ones. The threshold for thiosulphinate was at a concentration (v/v) of 4 × 10-4 M/l for D females, 4 × 10-5 M/l for L females and 4 × 10-8 M/l for G2 ones. It may be hypothesised that laboratory rearing conditions cause variations in the thresholds of antennal sensitivity and walking behaviour to specific and more efficient leek volatiles. This may result from the selective pressures experienced by the larvae reared in the laboratory.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; strategy ; catastrophe ; theory ; clutch ; Lepidoptera ; optimization ; dynamic ; bet hedging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed state-dependent life-history theory to explain the variance in clutch size decisions made by insect herbivores under a variety of ecological scenarios. An important aspect of our theory is explicit representation of the distribution of host quality and frequency of occurrence. Examination of the theory suggests that clutch size decisions can be highly non-linear with respect to host quality and variability. We then use our theory to explore the potential for bet-hedging strategies to evolve as a function of unpredictable catastrophic events that decimate entire clutches. Our analysis suggests that the benefits to employing such a strategy will frequently be outweighed by costs brought on by delayed oviposition.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Platynota idaeusalis ; mating disruption ; leafroller ; apple
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption treatments for the tufted apple bud moth (TABM),Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were tested in small plot trials in apple orchards in Pennsylvania. Treatments were evaluated by fruit injury and by capture of male TABM in traps baited with synthetic pheromone sources or virgin females. The TABM pheromone is a two component isomeric blend ofE-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH) andE-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac). A 50∶50 ratio of these two components was used in standard monitoring septa and in mating disruption treatments released from either hollow fibers (‘fiber’) or PVC tubes (‘PVC’). Other pheromone blends tested included a 90∶10 ratio of E11-14: Ac and E11-14:OH (‘EAc’) and its reverse (‘EOH’), mixture ‘EAc’ with 30% of the Z-isomers (‘low AEc’), and a blend similar to the preceding with 2% Z9-12:Ac (‘generic’). These other blends were released from multi tube tape (‘tape’) or Shin-Etsu type rope (‘rope’) dispensers. Seasonal dispenser release rate in mg ha−1 h−1 was ca. 30 for the ‘rope’ dispensers, 14 for ‘PVC’ and 6 for ‘fiber’. ‘EAc-tape’ and ‘EOH-tape’ were equally effective in reducing catches of males in traps baited with synthetic lures and in traps baited with virgin females. Both treatments also reduced fruit injury. ‘EAc-rope’, ‘fiber’ and ‘PVC’ also were generally effective; whereas, the ‘low EAc’ and ‘generic’ treatments reduced trap capture less than 90% and did not reduce fruit injury. Dispenser density was positively correlated with reduction in trap capture for the ‘low EAc-rope’ and ‘genericrope’ treatments. Traps loaded with ‘fiber’ dispensers captured more male TABM than the other treatments in non-pheromone permeated environments. Trap capture of other tortricids was reduced in pheromone treatments. ‘EAc-rope’ and the ‘TABM’ treatments provided mean (s.e.) percent reduction in trap catch of 99.5 (0.4) and 42.9 (10.1), respectively, for the redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and 90.4 (6.8) and 90.4 (1.3), respectively, for the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris).
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