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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-12-20
    Description: Much evidence show that over-expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in regulating carcinogenesis. Genetic variations in 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of gene have been reported to affect gene expression by interfering with microRNAs (miRNAs), which are thought to function as either tumour suppressors or oncogenes by binding to their target mRNA. In this study, we investigated the association between the EGFR 3'UTR 774T〉C polymorphism and bladder cancer risk. We used the TaqMan technology to genotype this genetic variant in a hospital-based case–control study of 908 bladder cancer patients and 1239 controls in a Chinese population. We found that the 774CC genotype was associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of bladder cancer [adjusted odds ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.05–1.58], compared with the 774TT/TC genotype, and this increased risk was more pronounced among subgroups of age 〉 65 years, non-smokers and patients’ tumour invasive stage. Furthermore, luciferase assays in T24 cell showed that EGFR 3'UTR 774 T to C substitution could increase the expression of EGFR, which was consistent with the association study finding. Additionally, we also provide evidence that 774T〉C polymorphism increasing EGFR expression was not regulated by hsa-miR-214 binding. These findings suggested that EGFR 3'UTR 774T〉C polymorphism may contribute to susceptibility to bladder cancer.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8357
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3804
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: Human serum albumin (HSA) is widely used in clinical and cell culture applications. Conventional production of HSA from human blood is limited by the availability of blood donation and the high risk of viral transmission from donors. Here, we report the production of Oryza sativa recombinant HSA (OsrHSA) from transgenic rice seeds. The level of OsrHSA reached 10.58% of the total soluble protein of the rice grain. Large-scale production of OsrHSA generated protein with a purity 〉99% and a productivity rate of 2.75 g/kg brown rice. Physical and biochemical characterization of OsrHSA revealed it to be equivalent to plasma-derived HSA (pHSA). The efficiency of OsrHSA in promoting cell growth and treating liver cirrhosis in rats was similar to that of pHSA. Furthermore, OsrHSA displays similar in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity as pHSA. Our results suggest that a rice seed bioreactor produces cost-effective recombinant HSA that is safe and can help to satisfy an increasing worldwide demand for human serum albumin.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-07-09
    Description: Author(s): D. Fu, A. X. Levander, R. Zhang, J. W. Ager, III, and J. Wu We report an effect that occurs in semiconductors where internal electrical fields interact with a temperature gradient. Steady current vortices and a magnetic field develop in the system, even without external carrier injection. The effect is electrodynamic, energy dissipative, and fundamentally di... [Phys. Rev. B 84, 045205] Published Fri Jul 08, 2011
    Keywords: Semiconductors I: bulk
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-10-19
    Description: The axoneme forms the essential and conserved core of cilia and flagella. We have used cryo-electron tomography of Chlamydomonas and sea urchin flagella to answer long-standing questions and to provide information about the structure of axonemal doublet microtubules (DMTs). Solving an ongoing controversy, we show that B-tubules of DMTs contain exactly 10 protofilaments (PFs) and that the inner junction (IJ) and outer junction between the A- and B-tubules are fundamentally different. The outer junction, crucial for the initiation of doublet formation, appears to be formed by close interactions between the tubulin subunits of three PFs with unusual tubulin interfaces; other investigators have reported that this junction is weakened by mutations affecting posttranslational modifications of tubulin. The IJ consists of an axially periodic ladder-like structure connecting tubulin PFs of the A- and B-tubules. The recently discovered microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) on the inside of the A- and B-tubules are more complex than previously thought. They are composed of alternating small and large subunits with periodicities of 16 and/or 48 nm. MIP3 forms arches connecting B-tubule PFs, contrary to an earlier report that MIP3 forms the IJ. Finally, the “beak” structures within the B-tubules of Chlamydomonas DMT1, DMT5, and DMT6 are clearly composed of a longitudinal band of proteins repeating with a periodicity of 16 nm. These findings, discussed in relation to genetic and biochemical data, provide a critical foundation for future work on the molecular assembly and stability of the axoneme, as well as its function in motility and sensory transduction.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: The hydrothermal fluids responsible for gold mineralization at the Ballarat East gold deposit (the second largest orogenic gold deposit in the western Lachlan orogen) are thought to have links to a variety of processes, including metamorphism, sedimentation, and/or magmatism. In the current study, noble gases and halogens have been used as fluid tracers to reevaluate the origin and evolution of the gold-related fluids at the Ballarat East deposit. Gold-bearing quartz and carbonate veins from the Ballarat East contain low salinity (~4 wt % NaCl equiv) aqueous (H2O) and mixed H2O-CO2 fluid inclusions. These fluid inclusions have variable molar Br/Cl values of between 1.2 x 10-3 and 2.9 x 10-3 and I/Cl values between 150 x 10-6 and 500 x 10-6, and Br is strongly correlated with I, defining a mixing line with a Br/I ratio of 5.6. The fluid inclusions have 40Ar/36Ar ratios ranging from 322 (close to the atmospheric 40Ar/36Ar ratio of ~296) up to a maximum of 4503. 40Ar is strongly correlated with Cl and defines a mixing line with a 40ArE/Cl ratio of 4.6 x 10-4 (40ArE denotes excess 40Ar). The fluid inclusions contain 5.1 to 32 ppm 40ArE (by mass) and exhibit minimum 36Ar concentrations ranging from 3.1 to 11 ppb, which exceed air-saturated water (ASW) levels by several parts per billion (ASW = 1.3-2.7 ppb). Fluid inclusion 84Kr/36Ar and 130Xe/36Ar values are uniformly enriched in Kr and Xe relative to air, but exhibit limited variation. These data provide strong evidence for the involvement of two noble gas and halogen reservoirs. This data is compatible with a deeply sourced fluid, possibly originating by devolatilization of altered volcanic rocks (e.g., basalts) that acquired additional noble gases and organic Br plus I by interaction with sedimentary rocks, including organic-rich shales that are found beneath and surrounding the deposit. The data are also consistent with mixing deeply sourced metamorphic fluids with sedimentary formation waters; however, both interpretations favor the involvement of metamorphic fluids and sedimentary components and highlight the significance of fluid-rock interaction as controls on fluid compositions in Victorian deposits. The data are compatible with genetic models for orogenic gold in which gold mineralization was initiated by metamorphic devolatilization in the lower crust, and was linked to Lachlan orogenesis at ca. 440 Ma.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Surface tensions of carbonated 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ) aqueous solutions were measured by a surface tension meter which employs the Wilhemy plate principle. A thermodynamic model was proposed to correlate the surface tensions of both CO 2 -unloaded and CO 2 -loaded aqueous solutions by introducing the contribution of CO 2 loading into the formulation of surface tension. Based on experiments and calculations, the effects of temperature, mass fractions of amines, and CO 2 loading on surface tensions of carbonated aqueous solutions were demonstrated. Aqueous solutions of amines are widely used for CO 2 removal from a variety of gas streams. Surface tensions of carbonated aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and piperazine were measured and the influence of temperature, amine mass fractions, and CO 2 loading was evaluated. The proposed thermodynamic model for the correlation of surface tensions agreed well with experimental data.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-03-13
    Description: Our knowledge of the role of higher-order chromatin structures in transcription of microRNA genes ( MIRs ) is evolving rapidly. Here we investigate the effect of 3D architecture of chromatin on the transcriptional regulation of MIRs . We demonstrate that MIRs have transcriptional features that are similar to protein-coding genes. RNA polymerase II–associated ChIA-PET data reveal that many groups of MIRs and protein-coding genes are organized into functionally compartmentalized chromatin communities and undergo coordinated expression when their genomic loci are spatially colocated. We observe that MIRs display widespread communication in those transcriptionally active communities. Moreover, miRNA–target interactions are significantly enriched among communities with functional homogeneity while depleted from the same community from which they originated, suggesting MIRs coordinating function-related pathways at posttranscriptional level. Further investigation demonstrates the existence of spatial MIR–MIR chromatin interacting networks. We show that groups of spatially coordinated MIRs are frequently from the same family and involved in the same disease category. The spatial interaction network possesses both common and cell-specific subnetwork modules that result from the spatial organization of chromatin within different cell types. Together, our study unveils an entirely unexplored layer of MIR regulation throughout the human genome that links the spatial coordination of MIRs to their co-expression and function.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in breast cancer metastasis, especially in the most aggressive and lethal subtype, “triple-negative breast cancer” (TNBC). Here, we report that CD146 is a unique activator of EMTs and significantly correlates with TNBC. In epithelial breast cancer cells, overexpression of CD146 down-regulated epithelial markers and up-regulated mesenchymal markers, significantly promoted cell migration and invasion, and induced cancer stem cell-like properties. We further found that RhoA pathways positively regulated CD146-induced EMTs via the key EMT transcriptional factor Slug. An orthotopic breast tumor model demonstrated that CD146-overexpressing breast tumors showed a poorly differentiated phenotype and displayed increased tumor invasion and metastasis. We confirmed these findings by conducting an immunohistochemical analysis of 505 human primary breast tumor tissues and found that CD146 expression was significantly associated with high tumor stage, poor prognosis, and TNBC. CD146 was expressed at abnormally high levels (68.9%), and was strongly associated with E-cadherin down-regulation in TNBC samples. Taken together, these findings provide unique evidence that CD146 promotes breast cancer progression by induction of EMTs via the activation of RhoA and up-regulation of Slug. Thus, CD146 could be a therapeutic target for breast cancer, especially for TNBC.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-05-17
    Description: Mammalian genomes are populated with thousands of transcriptional enhancers that orchestrate cell-type-specific gene expression programs, but how those enhancers are exploited to institute alternative, signal-dependent transcriptional responses remains poorly understood. Here we present evidence that cell-lineage-specific factors, such as FoxA1, can simultaneously facilitate and restrict key regulated transcription factors, exemplified by the androgen receptor (AR), to act on structurally and functionally distinct classes of enhancer. Consequently, FoxA1 downregulation, an unfavourable prognostic sign in certain advanced prostate tumours, triggers dramatic reprogramming of the hormonal response by causing a massive switch in AR binding to a distinct cohort of pre-established enhancers. These enhancers are functional, as evidenced by the production of enhancer-templated non-coding RNA (eRNA) based on global nuclear run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) analysis, with a unique class apparently requiring no nucleosome remodelling to induce specific enhancer-promoter looping and gene activation. GRO-seq data also suggest that liganded AR induces both transcription initiation and elongation. Together, these findings reveal a large repository of active enhancers that can be dynamically tuned to elicit alternative gene expression programs, which may underlie many sequential gene expression events in development, cell differentiation and disease progression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117022/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117022/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Dong -- Garcia-Bassets, Ivan -- Benner, Chris -- Li, Wenbo -- Su, Xue -- Zhou, Yiming -- Qiu, Jinsong -- Liu, Wen -- Kaikkonen, Minna U -- Ohgi, Kenneth A -- Glass, Christopher K -- Rosenfeld, Michael G -- Fu, Xiang-Dong -- DK01847/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK37949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM049369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG004659/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- NS34934/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK074868-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 AG038072/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA097134/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA097134-10/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018477-35/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK039949-30/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK091183/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM049369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM049369-17/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004659/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004659-03/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065445/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065445-12/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034934/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034934-23/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK039949-28/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 May 15;474(7351):390-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0651, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21572438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Lineage ; Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology ; Down-Regulation ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Genome, Human/genetics ; HEK293 Cells ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Kallikreins ; Male ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics ; Receptors, Androgen/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-02-11
    Description: Genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 9p21 gene desert associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes. Despite evidence for a role of the associated interval in neighbouring gene regulation, the biological underpinnings of these genetic associations with CAD or type 2 diabetes have not yet been explained. Here we identify 33 enhancers in 9p21; the interval is the second densest gene desert for predicted enhancers and six times denser than the whole genome (P 〈 6.55 x 10(-33)). The CAD risk alleles of SNPs rs10811656 and rs10757278 are located in one of these enhancers and disrupt a binding site for STAT1. Lymphoblastoid cell lines homozygous for the CAD risk haplotype show no binding of STAT1, and in lymphoblastoid cell lines homozygous for the CAD non-risk haplotype, binding of STAT1 inhibits CDKN2BAS (also known as CDKN2B-AS1) expression, which is reversed by short interfering RNA knockdown of STAT1. Using a new, open-ended approach to detect long-distance interactions, we find that in human vascular endothelial cells the enhancer interval containing the CAD locus physically interacts with the CDKN2A/B locus, the MTAP gene and an interval downstream of IFNA21. In human vascular endothelial cells, interferon-gamma activation strongly affects the structure of the chromatin and the transcriptional regulation in the 9p21 locus, including STAT1-binding, long-range enhancer interactions and altered expression of neighbouring genes. Our findings establish a link between CAD genetic susceptibility and the response to inflammatory signalling in a vascular cell type and thus demonstrate the utility of genome-wide association study findings in directing studies to novel genomic loci and biological processes important for disease aetiology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079517/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079517/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harismendy, Olivier -- Notani, Dimple -- Song, Xiaoyuan -- Rahim, Nazli G -- Tanasa, Bogdan -- Heintzman, Nathaniel -- Ren, Bing -- Fu, Xiang-Dong -- Topol, Eric J -- Rosenfeld, Michael G -- Frazer, Kelly A -- 1R21CA152613-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 1U54RR025204/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- 1UL1RR025774/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- 1UL1RR031980-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- CA97134/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK018477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK39949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK74686/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL065445/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- L65445/PHS HHS/ -- NS34934/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG025204/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG025204-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA097134/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018477-35/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK039949-29/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065445/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065445-12/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034934/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA152613/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA152613-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA152613-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL107442/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR025774/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR025774-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR031980/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR031980-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Feb 10;470(7333):264-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09753.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics and Rady's Children's Hospital, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Cell Line ; Chromatin/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/*genetics ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Coronary Artery Disease/*genetics ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15/genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics ; Endothelial Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects/genetics ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Haplotypes/genetics ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/genetics ; Interferon-gamma/*pharmacology ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase/genetics ; STAT1 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/*drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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