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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-12-12
    Description: Anaemia is a chief determinant of global ill health, contributing to cognitive impairment, growth retardation and impaired physical capacity. To understand further the genetic factors influencing red blood cells, we carried out a genome-wide association study of haemoglobin concentration and related parameters in up to 135,367 individuals. Here we identify 75 independent genetic loci associated with one or more red blood cell phenotypes at P 〈 10(-8), which together explain 4-9% of the phenotypic variance per trait. Using expression quantitative trait loci and bioinformatic strategies, we identify 121 candidate genes enriched in functions relevant to red blood cell biology. The candidate genes are expressed preferentially in red blood cell precursors, and 43 have haematopoietic phenotypes in Mus musculus or Drosophila melanogaster. Through open-chromatin and coding-variant analyses we identify potential causal genetic variants at 41 loci. Our findings provide extensive new insights into genetic mechanisms and biological pathways controlling red blood cell formation and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3623669/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3623669/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Harst, Pim -- Zhang, Weihua -- Mateo Leach, Irene -- Rendon, Augusto -- Verweij, Niek -- Sehmi, Joban -- Paul, Dirk S -- Elling, Ulrich -- Allayee, Hooman -- Li, Xinzhong -- Radhakrishnan, Aparna -- Tan, Sian-Tsung -- Voss, Katrin -- Weichenberger, Christian X -- Albers, Cornelis A -- Al-Hussani, Abtehale -- Asselbergs, Folkert W -- Ciullo, Marina -- Danjou, Fabrice -- Dina, Christian -- Esko, Tonu -- Evans, David M -- Franke, Lude -- Gogele, Martin -- Hartiala, Jaana -- Hersch, Micha -- Holm, Hilma -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Kanoni, Stavroula -- Kleber, Marcus E -- Lagou, Vasiliki -- Langenberg, Claudia -- Lopez, Lorna M -- Lyytikainen, Leo-Pekka -- Melander, Olle -- Murgia, Federico -- Nolte, Ilja M -- O'Reilly, Paul F -- Padmanabhan, Sandosh -- Parsa, Afshin -- Pirastu, Nicola -- Porcu, Eleonora -- Portas, Laura -- Prokopenko, Inga -- Ried, Janina S -- Shin, So-Youn -- Tang, Clara S -- Teumer, Alexander -- Traglia, Michela -- Ulivi, Sheila -- Westra, Harm-Jan -- Yang, Jian -- Zhao, Jing Hua -- Anni, Franco -- Abdellaoui, Abdel -- Attwood, Antony -- Balkau, Beverley -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Bastardot, Francois -- Benyamin, Beben -- Boehm, Bernhard O -- Cookson, William O -- Das, Debashish -- de Bakker, Paul I W -- de Boer, Rudolf A -- de Geus, Eco J C -- de Moor, Marleen H -- Dimitriou, Maria -- Domingues, Francisco S -- Doring, Angela -- Engstrom, Gunnar -- Eyjolfsson, Gudmundur Ingi -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Fischer, Krista -- Galanello, Renzo -- Garner, Stephen F -- Genser, Bernd -- Gibson, Quince D -- Girotto, Giorgia -- Gudbjartsson, Daniel Fannar -- Harris, Sarah E -- Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa -- Hastie, Claire E -- Hedblad, Bo -- Illig, Thomas -- Jolley, Jennifer -- Kahonen, Mika -- Kema, Ido P -- Kemp, John P -- Liang, Liming -- Lloyd-Jones, Heather -- Loos, Ruth J F -- Meacham, Stuart -- Medland, Sarah E -- Meisinger, Christa -- Memari, Yasin -- Mihailov, Evelin -- Miller, Kathy -- Moffatt, Miriam F -- Nauck, Matthias -- Novatchkova, Maria -- Nutile, Teresa -- Olafsson, Isleifur -- Onundarson, Pall T -- Parracciani, Debora -- Penninx, Brenda W -- Perseu, Lucia -- Piga, Antonio -- Pistis, Giorgio -- Pouta, Anneli -- Puc, Ursula -- Raitakari, Olli -- Ring, Susan M -- Robino, Antonietta -- Ruggiero, Daniela -- Ruokonen, Aimo -- Saint-Pierre, Aude -- Sala, Cinzia -- Salumets, Andres -- Sambrook, Jennifer -- Schepers, Hein -- Schmidt, Carsten Oliver -- Sillje, Herman H W -- Sladek, Rob -- Smit, Johannes H -- Starr, John M -- Stephens, Jonathan -- Sulem, Patrick -- Tanaka, Toshiko -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Tragante, Vinicius -- van Gilst, Wiek H -- van Pelt, L Joost -- van Veldhuisen, Dirk J -- Volker, Uwe -- Whitfield, John B -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Winkelmann, Bernhard R -- Wirnsberger, Gerald -- Algra, Ale -- Cucca, Francesco -- d'Adamo, Adamo Pio -- Danesh, John -- Deary, Ian J -- Dominiczak, Anna F -- Elliott, Paul -- Fortina, Paolo -- Froguel, Philippe -- Gasparini, Paolo -- Greinacher, Andreas -- Hazen, Stanley L -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Khaw, Kay Tee -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Maerz, Winfried -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Metspalu, Andres -- Mitchell, Braxton D -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Moore, Carmel -- Navis, Gerjan -- Pirastu, Mario -- Pramstaller, Peter P -- Ramirez-Solis, Ramiro -- Schadt, Eric -- Scott, James -- Shuldiner, Alan R -- Smith, George Davey -- Smith, J Gustav -- Snieder, Harold -- Sorice, Rossella -- Spector, Tim D -- Stefansson, Kari -- Stumvoll, Michael -- Tang, W H Wilson -- Toniolo, Daniela -- Tonjes, Anke -- Visscher, Peter M -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H R -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Beckmann, Jacques S -- Dedoussis, George V -- Deloukas, Panos -- Ferreira, Manuel A -- Sanna, Serena -- Uda, Manuela -- Hicks, Andrew A -- Penninger, Josef Martin -- Gieger, Christian -- Kooner, Jaspal S -- Ouwehand, Willem H -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Chambers, John C -- 092731/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 097117/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 14136/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/505/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- ETM/55/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- G0600705/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700704/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0801056/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1002084/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9815508/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- HHSN268201100005C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100006C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100007C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100008C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100009C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100010C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100011C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201100012C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN271201100005C/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- K12 RR023250/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- MC_U106179471/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106188470/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- N01AG12109/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL076491/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL098055/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P20 HL113452/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK072488/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG018728/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA165001/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053275/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD042157/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL059367/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086694/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087641/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087679/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL088119/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL103866/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL103931/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM010098/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH081802/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- RG/09/012/28096/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RL1 MH083268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 GM074518/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004402/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL072515/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL084756/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U24 MH068457/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR020278/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR025005/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000439/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 20;492(7429):369-75. doi: 10.1038/nature11677. Epub 2012 Dec 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. p.van.der.harst@umcg.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23222517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Erythrocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; *Genetic Loci ; *Genome-Wide Association Study ; Hematopoiesis/genetics ; Hemoglobins/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Organ Specificity ; *Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; RNA Interference ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-08-06
    Description: Neuromodulatory control by oxytocin is essential to a wide range of social, parental and stress-related behaviours. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with deficiencies in oxytocin levels and with genetic alterations of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR). Thirty years ago, Muhlethaler et al. found that oxytocin increases the firing of inhibitory hippocampal neurons, but it remains unclear how elevated inhibition could account for the ability of oxytocin to improve information processing in the brain. Here we describe in mammalian hippocampus a simple yet powerful mechanism by which oxytocin enhances cortical information transfer while simultaneously lowering background activity, thus greatly improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Increased fast-spiking interneuron activity not only suppresses spontaneous pyramidal cell firing, but also enhances the fidelity of spike transmission and sharpens spike timing. Use-dependent depression at the fast-spiking interneuron-pyramidal cell synapse is both necessary and sufficient for the enhanced spike throughput. We show the generality of this novel circuit mechanism by activation of fast-spiking interneurons with cholecystokinin or channelrhodopsin-2. This provides insight into how a diffusely delivered neuromodulator can improve the performance of neural circuitry that requires synapse specificity and millisecond precision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Owen, Scott F -- Tuncdemir, Sebnem N -- Bader, Patrick L -- Tirko, Natasha N -- Fishell, Gord -- Tsien, Richard W -- F31MH084430/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH064070/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH071739/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS024067/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 22;500(7463):458-62. doi: 10.1038/nature12330. Epub 2013 Aug 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23913275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/*drug effects ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Cholecystokinin/metabolism ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects/physiology ; Feedback, Physiological/drug effects ; Glycine/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*cytology/physiology ; Interneurons/*drug effects/metabolism ; Mice ; Neural Pathways/drug effects ; Oxytocin/*pharmacology ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Oxytocin/agonists/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Synapses/drug effects/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects ; Threonine/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a vascular dysplasia, mainly localized within the brain and affecting up to 0.5% of the human population. CCM lesions are formed by enlarged and irregular blood vessels that often result in cerebral haemorrhages. CCM is caused by loss-of-function mutations in one of three genes, namely CCM1 (also known as KRIT1), CCM2 (OSM) and CCM3 (PDCD10), and occurs in both sporadic and familial forms. Recent studies have investigated the cause of vascular dysplasia and fragility in CCM, but the in vivo functions of this ternary complex remain unclear. Postnatal deletion of any of the three Ccm genes in mouse endothelium results in a severe phenotype, characterized by multiple brain vascular malformations that are markedly similar to human CCM lesions. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been described in different pathologies, and it is defined as the acquisition of mesenchymal- and stem-cell-like characteristics by the endothelium. Here we show that endothelial-specific disruption of the Ccm1 gene in mice induces EndMT, which contributes to the development of vascular malformations. EndMT in CCM1-ablated endothelial cells is mediated by the upregulation of endogenous BMP6 that, in turn, activates the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway. Inhibitors of the TGF-beta and BMP pathway prevent EndMT both in vitro and in vivo and reduce the number and size of vascular lesions in CCM1-deficient mice. Thus, increased TGF-beta and BMP signalling, and the consequent EndMT of CCM1-null endothelial cells, are crucial events in the onset and progression of CCM disease. These studies offer novel therapeutic opportunities for this severe, and so far incurable, pathology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maddaluno, Luigi -- Rudini, Noemi -- Cuttano, Roberto -- Bravi, Luca -- Giampietro, Costanza -- Corada, Monica -- Ferrarini, Luca -- Orsenigo, Fabrizio -- Papa, Eleanna -- Boulday, Gwenola -- Tournier-Lasserve, Elisabeth -- Chapon, Francoise -- Richichi, Cristina -- Retta, Saverio Francesco -- Lampugnani, Maria Grazia -- Dejana, Elisabetta -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 27;498(7455):492-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12207. Epub 2013 Jun 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IFOM Fondazione, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy. uigi.maddaluno@ifom.eu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23748444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Disease Progression ; *Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects/genetics ; Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System/genetics/*pathology ; Humans ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects/genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: CD4(+) T-helper type 2 (T(H)2) cells, characterized by their expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, are required for immunity to helminth parasites and promote the pathological inflammation associated with asthma and allergic diseases. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are associated with the development of multiple allergic disorders in humans, indicating that TSLP is a critical regulator of T(H)2 cytokine-associated inflammatory diseases. In support of genetic analyses, exaggerated TSLP production is associated with asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergies in patients, and studies in murine systems demonstrated that TSLP promotes T(H)2 cytokine-mediated immunity and inflammation. However, the mechanisms through which TSLP induces T(H)2 cytokine responses remain poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that TSLP promotes systemic basophilia, that disruption of TSLP-TSLPR interactions results in defective basophil responses, and that TSLPR-sufficient basophils can restore T(H)2-cell-dependent immunity in vivo. TSLP acted directly on bone-marrow-resident progenitors to promote basophil responses selectively. Critically, TSLP could elicit basophil responses in both IL-3-IL-3R-sufficient and -deficient environments, and genome-wide transcriptional profiling and functional analyses identified heterogeneity between TSLP-elicited versus IL-3-elicited basophils. Furthermore, activated human basophils expressed TSLPR, and basophils isolated from eosinophilic oesophagitis patients were distinct from classical basophils. Collectively, these studies identify previously unrecognized heterogeneity within the basophil cell lineage and indicate that expression of TSLP may influence susceptibility to multiple allergic diseases by regulating basophil haematopoiesis and eliciting a population of functionally distinct basophils that promote T(H)2 cytokine-mediated inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263308/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263308/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Siracusa, Mark C -- Saenz, Steven A -- Hill, David A -- Kim, Brian S -- Headley, Mark B -- Doering, Travis A -- Wherry, E John -- Jessup, Heidi K -- Siegel, Lori A -- Kambayashi, Taku -- Dudek, Emily C -- Kubo, Masato -- Cianferoni, Antonella -- Spergel, Jonathan M -- Ziegler, Steven F -- Comeau, Michael R -- Artis, David -- AI083480/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI61570/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI74878/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI87990/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F31 GM082187/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI085828/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI061570/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI061570-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074878/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074878-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI095466/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI095466-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL107589/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI083480/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI083480-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI060516/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI095608/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI095608-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 14;477(7363):229-33. doi: 10.1038/nature10329.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Asthma/immunology ; Basophils/*cytology/metabolism ; Cytokines/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology ; Food Hypersensitivity/immunology ; *Hematopoiesis ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/*immunology ; Inflammation/*immunology/*metabolism ; *Interleukin-3/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-3/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Th2 Cells/immunology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: Underlying mechanisms for how bacterial infections contribute to active resolution of acute inflammation are unknown. Here, we performed exudate leukocyte trafficking and mediator-metabololipidomics of murine peritoneal Escherichia coli infections with temporal identification of pro-inflammatory (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). In self-resolving E. coli exudates (10(5) colony forming units, c.f.u.), the dominant SPMs identified were resolvin (Rv) D5 and protectin D1 (PD1), which at 12 h were at significantly greater levels than in exudates from higher titre E. coli (10(7) c.f.u.)-challenged mice. Germ-free mice had endogenous RvD1 and PD1 levels higher than in conventional mice. RvD1 and RvD5 (nanograms per mouse) each reduced bacterial titres in blood and exudates, E. coli-induced hypothermia and increased survival, demonstrating the first actions of RvD5. With human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages, RvD1, RvD5 and PD1 each directly enhanced phagocytosis of E. coli, and RvD5 counter-regulated a panel of pro-inflammatory genes, including NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha. RvD5 activated the RvD1 receptor, GPR32, to enhance phagocytosis. With self-limited E. coli infections, RvD1 and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin accelerated resolution, each shortening resolution intervals (R(i)). Host-directed RvD1 actions enhanced ciprofloxacin's therapeutic actions. In 10(7) c.f.u. E. coli infections, SPMs (RvD1, RvD5, PD1) together with ciprofloxacin also heightened host antimicrobial responses. In skin infections, SPMs enhanced vancomycin clearance of Staphylococcus aureus. These results demonstrate that specific SPMs are temporally and differentially regulated during infections and that they are anti-phlogistic, enhance containment and lower antibiotic requirements for bacterial clearance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340015/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340015/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chiang, Nan -- Fredman, Gabrielle -- Backhed, Fredrik -- Oh, Sungwhan F -- Vickery, Thad -- Schmidt, Birgitta A -- Serhan, Charles N -- P01 GM095467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM095467-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM095467-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01GM095467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765-24/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765-25/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765-26/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM38765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 25;484(7395):524-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11042.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/immunology ; Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy/*metabolism/microbiology ; Humans ; Hypothermia/prevention & control ; Macrophages/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Peritonitis/drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology ; Phagocytosis ; Skin Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/*metabolism/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/immunology ; Vancomycin/pharmacology/therapeutic use
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-10-29
    Description: The Xist long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is essential for X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), the process by which mammals compensate for unequal numbers of sex chromosomes. During XCI, Xist coats the future inactive X chromosome (Xi) and recruits Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to the X-inactivation centre (Xic). How Xist spreads silencing on a 150-megabases scale is unclear. Here we generate high-resolution maps of Xist binding on the X chromosome across a developmental time course using CHART-seq. In female cells undergoing XCI de novo, Xist follows a two-step mechanism, initially targeting gene-rich islands before spreading to intervening gene-poor domains. Xist is depleted from genes that escape XCI but may concentrate near escapee boundaries. Xist binding is linearly proportional to PRC2 density and H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), indicating co-migration of Xist and PRC2. Interestingly, when Xist is acutely stripped off from the Xi in post-XCI cells, Xist recovers quickly within both gene-rich and gene-poor domains on a timescale of hours instead of days, indicating a previously primed Xi chromatin state. We conclude that Xist spreading takes distinct stage-specific forms. During initial establishment, Xist follows a two-step mechanism, but during maintenance, Xist spreads rapidly to both gene-rich and gene-poor regions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904790/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904790/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, Matthew D -- Pinter, Stefan F -- Fang, Rui -- Sarma, Kavitha -- Rutenberg-Schoenberg, Michael -- Bowman, Sarah K -- Kesner, Barry A -- Maier, Verena K -- Kingston, Robert E -- Lee, Jeannie T -- F32-GM090765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043901/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM090278/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM043901/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM090278/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007223/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 19;504(7480):465-9. doi: 10.1038/nature12719. Epub 2013 Oct 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA [3]. ; 1] Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [3]. ; 1] Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA [2]. ; 1] Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24162848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Gene Silencing ; Genes ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/*metabolism ; X Chromosome/genetics/*metabolism ; *X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-03-20
    Description: Developing tissues and growing tumours produce vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), leading to the activation of the corresponding receptors in endothelial cells. The resultant angiogenic expansion of the local vasculature can promote physiological and pathological growth processes. Previous work has uncovered that the VEGF and Notch pathways are tightly linked. Signalling triggered by VEGF-A (also known as VEGF) has been shown to induce expression of the Notch ligand DLL4 in angiogenic vessels and, most prominently, in the tip of endothelial sprouts. DLL4 activates Notch in adjacent cells, which suppresses the expression of VEGF receptors and thereby restrains endothelial sprouting and proliferation. Here we show, by using inducible loss-of-function genetics in combination with inhibitors in vivo, that DLL4 protein expression in retinal tip cells is only weakly modulated by VEGFR2 signalling. Surprisingly, Notch inhibition also had no significant impact on VEGFR2 expression and induced deregulated endothelial sprouting and proliferation even in the absence of VEGFR2, which is the most important VEGF-A receptor and is considered to be indispensable for these processes. By contrast, VEGFR3, the main receptor for VEGF-C, was strongly modulated by Notch. VEGFR3 kinase-activity inhibitors but not ligand-blocking antibodies suppressed the sprouting of endothelial cells that had low Notch signalling activity. Our results establish that VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 are regulated in a highly differential manner by Notch. We propose that successful anti-angiogenic targeting of these receptors and their ligands will strongly depend on the status of endothelial Notch signalling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benedito, Rui -- Rocha, Susana F -- Woeste, Marina -- Zamykal, Martin -- Radtke, Freddy -- Casanovas, Oriol -- Duarte, Antonio -- Pytowski, Bronislaw -- Adams, Ralf H -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 18;484(7392):110-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, D-48149 Munster, Germany. rui.benedito@mpi-muenster.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects/*physiology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Receptors, Notch/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Up-Regulation ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3/biosynthesis/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-12-16
    Description: Metastatic progression of cancer is a complex and clinically daunting process. We previously identified a set of human microRNAs (miRNAs) that robustly suppress breast cancer metastasis to lung and bone and which display expression levels that predict human metastasis. Although these findings revealed miRNAs as suppressors of cell-autonomous metastatic phenotypes, the roles of non-coding RNAs in non-cell-autonomous cancer progression processes remain unknown. Here we reveal that endogenous miR-126, an miRNA silenced in a variety of common human cancers, non-cell-autonomously regulates endothelial cell recruitment to metastatic breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. It suppresses metastatic endothelial recruitment, metastatic angiogenesis and metastatic colonization through coordinate targeting of IGFBP2, PITPNC1 and MERTK--novel pro-angiogenic genes and biomarkers of human metastasis. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) secreted by metastatic cells recruits endothelia by modulating IGF1-mediated activation of the IGF type-I receptor on endothelial cells; whereas c-Mer tyrosine kinase (MERTK) receptor cleaved from metastatic cells promotes endothelial recruitment by competitively antagonizing the binding of its ligand GAS6 to endothelial MERTK receptors. Co-injection of endothelial cells with breast cancer cells non-cell-autonomously rescues their miR-126-induced metastatic defect, revealing a novel and important role for endothelial interactions in metastatic initiation. Through loss-of-function and epistasis experiments, we delineate an miRNA regulatory network's individual components as novel and cell-extrinsic regulators of endothelial recruitment, angiogenesis and metastatic colonization. We also identify the IGFBP2/IGF1/IGF1R and GAS6/MERTK signalling pathways as regulators of cancer-mediated endothelial recruitment. Our work further reveals endothelial recruitment and endothelial interactions in the tumour microenvironment to be critical features of metastatic breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Png, Kim J -- Halberg, Nils -- Yoshida, Mitsukuni -- Tavazoie, Sohail F -- England -- Nature. 2011 Dec 14;481(7380):190-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10661.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/blood supply/*genetics/*pathology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Endothelium, Vascular/*pathology ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms/blood supply/pathology/secondary ; Lung Neoplasms/blood supply/pathology/secondary ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; *Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics/pathology ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*genetics/pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism ; Regulon/*genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Survival Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-01-29
    Description: The Wnt target gene Lgr5 (leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5) marks actively dividing stem cells in Wnt-driven, self-renewing tissues such as small intestine and colon, stomach and hair follicles. A three-dimensional culture system allows long-term clonal expansion of single Lgr5(+) stem cells into transplantable organoids (budding cysts) that retain many characteristics of the original epithelial architecture. A crucial component of the culture medium is the Wnt agonist RSPO1, the recently discovered ligand of LGR5. Here we show that Lgr5-lacZ is not expressed in healthy adult liver, however, small Lgr5-LacZ(+) cells appear near bile ducts upon damage, coinciding with robust activation of Wnt signalling. As shown by mouse lineage tracing using a new Lgr5-IRES-creERT2 knock-in allele, damage-induced Lgr5(+) cells generate hepatocytes and bile ducts in vivo. Single Lgr5(+) cells from damaged mouse liver can be clonally expanded as organoids in Rspo1-based culture medium over several months. Such clonal organoids can be induced to differentiate in vitro and to generate functional hepatocytes upon transplantation into Fah(-/-) mice. These findings indicate that previous observations concerning Lgr5(+) stem cells in actively self-renewing tissues can also be extended to damage-induced stem cells in a tissue with a low rate of spontaneous proliferation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3634804/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3634804/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huch, Meritxell -- Dorrell, Craig -- Boj, Sylvia F -- van Es, Johan H -- Li, Vivian S W -- van de Wetering, Marc -- Sato, Toshiro -- Hamer, Karien -- Sasaki, Nobuo -- Finegold, Milton J -- Haft, Annelise -- Vries, Robert G -- Grompe, Markus -- Clevers, Hans -- 104151/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- P30 DK056338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK051592/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 14;494(7436):247-50. doi: 10.1038/nature11826. Epub 2013 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Bile Ducts/cytology/metabolism ; Cell Lineage ; Clone Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Culture Media/chemistry/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Gene Knock-In Techniques ; Hepatocytes/*cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Hydrolases/deficiency/genetics ; Liver/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Liver Diseases/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Multipotent Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Organoids/cytology/transplantation ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; *Regeneration ; Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Thrombospondins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Tyrosinemias/metabolism/pathology ; *Wnt Signaling Pathway
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: Intratumoral heterogeneity contributes to cancer drug resistance, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Single-cell analyses of patient-derived models and clinical samples from glioblastoma patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) demonstrate that tumor cells reversibly up-regulate or suppress mutant EGFR expression, conferring distinct cellular phenotypes to reach an optimal equilibrium for growth. Resistance to EGFR TKIs is shown to occur by elimination of mutant EGFR from extrachromosomal DNA. After drug withdrawal, reemergence of clonal EGFR mutations on extrachromosomal DNA follows. These results indicate a highly specific, dynamic, and adaptive route by which cancers can evade therapies that target oncogenes maintained on extrachromosomal DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049335/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049335/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nathanson, David A -- Gini, Beatrice -- Mottahedeh, Jack -- Visnyei, Koppany -- Koga, Tomoyuki -- Gomez, German -- Eskin, Ascia -- Hwang, Kiwook -- Wang, Jun -- Masui, Kenta -- Paucar, Andres -- Yang, Huijun -- Ohashi, Minori -- Zhu, Shaojun -- Wykosky, Jill -- Reed, Rachel -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Cloughesy, Timothy F -- James, C David -- Rao, P Nagesh -- Kornblum, Harley I -- Heath, James R -- Cavenee, Webster K -- Furnari, Frank B -- Mischel, Paul S -- NS73831/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA095616/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA95616/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA023100/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS052563/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS073831/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS080939/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS080939/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009056/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U54 CA151819/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):72-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1241328. Epub 2013 Dec 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24310612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms/*drug therapy/genetics ; DNA/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/*genetics ; Erlotinib Hydrochloride ; Glioblastoma/*drug therapy/genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; *Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Quinazolines/therapeutic use ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics ; Single-Cell Analysis ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Withholding Treatment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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