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  • 1
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    The Crust of the Moon as Seen by GRAIL (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-23
    Beschreibung: High-resolution gravity data obtained from the dual Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) spacecraft show that the bulk density of the Moon's highlands crust is 2550 kilograms per cubic meter, substantially lower than generally assumed. When combined with remote sensing and sample data, this density implies an average crustal porosity of 12% to depths of at least a few kilometers. Lateral variations in crustal porosity correlate with the largest impact basins, whereas lateral variations in crustal density correlate with crustal composition. The low-bulk crustal density allows construction of a global crustal thickness model that satisfies the Apollo seismic constraints, and with an average crustal thickness between 34 and 43 kilometers, the bulk refractory element composition of the Moon is not required to be enriched with respect to that of Earth.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN6865 , Science (ISSN 0036-8075) (e-ISSN 1095-9203); 339; 6120; 671-675
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  • 2
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    Planetary Regolith Delivery Systems for In Situ Resource Utilization (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract available
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: KSC-2012-101 , Earth and Science 2012; Apr 15, 2012 - Apr 18, 2012; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 3
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    Low Force Icy Regolith Penetration Technology (2011)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Recent data from the Moon, including LCROSS data, indicate large quantities of water ice and other volatiles frozen into the soil in the permanently shadowed craters near the poles. If verified and exploited, these volatiles will revolutionize spaceflight as an inexpensive source of propellants and other consumables outside Earth's gravity well. This report discusses a preliminary investigation of a method to insert a sensor through such a soiVice mixture to verify the presence, nature, and concentration of the ice. It uses percussion to deliver mechanical energy into the frozen mixture, breaking up the ice and decompacting the soil so that only low reaction forces are required from a rover or spacecraft to push the sensor downward. The tests demonstrate that this method may be ideal for a small platform in lunar gravity. However, there are some cases where the system may not be able to penetrate the icy soil, and there is some risk ofthe sensor becoming stuck so that it cannot be retracted, so further work is needed. A companion project (ISDS for Water Detection on the Lunar Surface) has performed preliminary investigation of a dielectric/thermal sensor for use with this system.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: NASA/TM-2011-216302
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  • 4
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    VAPoR - Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith - an Instrument for In Situ Detection of Water, Noble Gases, and Organics on the Moon (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: We present the Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR) instrument design and demonstrate the validity of an in situ pyrolysis mass spectrometer for evolved gas analyses of lunar and planetary regolith samples. In situ evolved gas analyses of the lunar regolith have not yet been carried out and no atmospheric or evolved gas measurements have been made at the lunar poles. VAPoR is designed to do both kinds of measurements, is currently under development at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and will be able to heat powdered regolith samples or rock drill fines up to 1400 C in vacuo. To validate the instrument concept, evolved gas species released from different planetary analogs were determined as a function of temperature using a laboratory breadboard. Evolved gas measurements of an Apollo 16 regolith sample and a fragment of the carbonaceous meteorite Murchison were made by VAPoR and our results compared with existing data. The results imply that in situ evolved gas measurements of the lunar regolith at the polar regions by VAPoR will be a very powerful tool for identifying water and other volatile signatures of lunar or exogenous origin as potential resources for future human exploration.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 58; 8-Jul; 1007-1017
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Lunar Science from Lunar Laser Ranging (2013)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Variations in rotation and orientation of the Moon are sensitive to solid-body tidal dissipation, dissipation due to relative motion at the fluid-core/solid-mantle boundary, tidal Love number k2, and moment of inertia differences. There is weaker sensitivity to flattening of the core/mantle boundary (CMB) and fluid core moment of inertia. Accurate Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) measurements of the distance from observatories on the Earth to four retroreflector arrays on the Moon are sensitive to variations in lunar rotation, orientation and tidal displacements. Past solutions using the LLR data have given results for Love numbers plus dissipation due to solid-body tides and fluid core. Detection of the fluid core polar minus equatorial moment of inertia difference due to CMB flattening is weakly significant. This strengthens the case for a fluid lunar core. Future approaches are considered to detect a solid inner core.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC ); Mar 18, 2013 - Mar 22, 2013; The Woodlands, TX; United States
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Water Vapor in Titan's Stratosphere from Cassini CIRS Far-Infrared Spectra (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Here we report the measurement of water vapor in Titan's stratosphere using the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). CIRS senses water emissions in the far infrared spectral region near 50 micron, which we have modeled using two independent radiative transfer codes. From the analysis of nadir spectra we have derived a mixing ratio of 0.14 +/- 0.05 ppb at an altitude of 97 km, which corresponds to an integrated (from 0 to 600 km) surface normalized column abundance of 3.7 +/- 1.3 1014 molecules/cm2. In the latitude range 80S to 30N we see no evidence for latitudinal variations in these abundances within the error bars. Using limb observations, we obtained mixing ratios of 0.13 +/- 0.04 ppb at an altitude of 115 km and 0.45 +/- 0.15 ppb at an altitude of 230 km, confirming that the water abundance has a positive vertical gradient as predicted by photochemical models. We have also fitted our data using scaling factors of 0.1-0.6 to these photochemical model profiles, indicating that the models over-predict the water abundance in Titan's lower stratosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN11425 , Icarus; 220; 2; 855-862
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    C/N and other Elemental Ratios of Chondritic Porous IDPS and a Fluffy Concordia Micrometeorite (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs) may be cometary in origin [1], as may ultracarbona-ceous (UCAMMs) [2] and 'fluffy' [3] micrometeorites from the Concordia collection. They are all rich in organics, which can rim grains and may have helped glue grains together during accretion [4]. The organics also contain nitrogen the input of which to Earth has potential biological importance. We report C/N ratios, and other properties of CP-IDPs and a Concordia fluffy microme-teorite.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: JSC-CN-28915 , Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society; Jul 29, 2013 - Aug 02, 2013; Edmonton, Alberta; Canada
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    The Imprint of Atmospheric Evolution in the D/H of Hesperian Clay Minerals on Mars (2014)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratio in strongly bound water or hydroxyl groups in ancient Martian clays retains the imprint of the water of formation of these minerals. Curiosity's Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) experiment measured thermally evolved water and hydrogen gas released between 550 degrees Centigrade and 950 degrees Centigrade from samples of Hesperian-era Gale crater smectite to determine this isotope ratio. The D/H value is 3.0 (plus or minus 0.2) times the ratio in standard mean ocean water. The D/H ratio in this approximately 3-billion-year-old mudstone, which is half that of the present Martian atmosphere but substantially higher than that expected in very early Mars, indicates an extended history of hydrogen escape and desiccation of the planet.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: GSFC-E-DAA-TN32645 , Science; 347; 6220; 412-414
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Coordinated Analyses of Mineral-organic Matter Associations in Interplanetary Dust Particles (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Little is known about the timing and processes involved in the incorporation of organic matter with inorganic materials in early Solar System bodies. Recently, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) studies showed carbon-rich rims surrounding individual mineral grains in anhydrous IDPs [1,2]. These carbonaceous rims are believed to have formed prior to parent body formation and likely served to bond mineral grains during accretion into larger aggregates. We are exploring the nature of these carbonaceous rims through coordinated analyses of their chemistry, mineralogy, spectroscopy and isotopic characteristics. Here we report our preliminary mineralogical observations.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: JSC-CN-26564 , 75th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society; Aug 12, 2012 - Aug 17, 2012; Cairns; Australia
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Mars Atmospheric Escape Recorded by H, C and O Isotope Ratios in Carbon Dioxide and Water Measured by the Sam Tunable Laser Spectrometer on the Curiosity Rover (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Stable isotope ratios in C, H, N, O and S are powerful indicators of a wide variety of planetary geophysical processes that can identify origin, transport, temperature history, radiation exposure, atmospheric escape, environmental habitability and biological activity [2]. For Mars, measurements to date have indicated enrichment in all the heavier isotopes consistent with atmospheric escape processes, but with uncertainty too high to tie the results with the more precise isotopic ratios achieved from SNC meteoritic analyses. We will present results to date of H, C and O isotope ratios in CO2 and H2O made to high precision (few per mil) using the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) that is part of the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on MSL s Curiosity Rover.
    Schlagwort(e): Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Materialart: JSC-CN-28080 , Lunar aud Plauetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2013 - Mar 22, 2013; The Woodlands, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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