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  • Calcification  (11)
  • Rat  (9)
  • Springer  (20)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Physical Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • 2010-2014
  • 1970-1974  (18)
  • 1965-1969  (2)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Regeneration ; Repair ; Shell ; Mollusc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une régénération de la coquille induite expérimentalement chez l'excargot terrestreOtala lactea a été utilisée pour l'étude du substratum sur le type de régénération minérale. Des subsrats, comportant le periostracum de quatre espèces de mollusques, des répliques de surfaces et la membrane externe de la coquille de poule, ont été insérés au niveau de la région de reconstitution de la coquilled'Otala. Les divers types de dépôt de carbonate de calcium sont étudiés en microscopie électronique par balayage. Les types minéraux, formés sur les substrats mis en place, se conforment à la microtopographie des surfaces et se trouvent être nettement différents du type minéral observé au cours d'une régénération normale de la coquille. Les types minéraux de la surface minérale externe normale de la coquille de quatre espèces de mollusques semblent identiques aux types individuels de surface du periostracum sur lequel les cristaux de la coquille se déposent. Il semble que ce type de surface minérale externe de la coquille se forme par l'interaction de cristaux de CaCO3 qui se développent dans une matrice organique au contact du periostracum. La coquille normaled'Otala est constituée d'aragonite à orientation hautement préférentielle. La coquille régénérée contient de la calcite et de l'aragonite orientées au hasard. Le rapport aragonite-calcite est très variable et parait indépendant des substrats expérimentaux placés dans la région de régénération.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Unterlage auf die Art der Mineral-Neubildung im Gehäuse der Landschnecke,Otala lactea, wurde mit dem Raster-Elektronenmikroskop untersucht, indem in der Regenerationszone Fremdkörper eingeschoben wurden. Diese Fremdkörper waren Periostraca von vier anderen Molluskenarten, Plastikabdrücke von Periostraca oder der äußeren Mineral-Oberfläche normaler Gehäuse und die äußere Membran einer Hühnereierschale. Die Oberflächenstruktur des Kalziumkarbonats, das auf diesen Unterlagen abgelagert wurde, entsprach der Mikrotopographie der Unterlags-Oberfläche und war deutlich verschieden von der Mineraloberflächenstruktur bei normaler Regenerierung des Gehäuses. Die Strukturen der normalen Mineraloberflächen der vier Molluskenarten entsprachen der Struktur der Periostracum-Oberfläche, auf welcher die Kalziumkarbonat-Kristalle abgelagert werden. Die Mineraloberflächenstruktur des Gehäuses ergibt sich vermutlich durch die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Kalziumkarbonat-Kristallen, welche in einer organischen Matrix wachsen und der Berührung mit dem Periostracum. Das normale Mineral von Otala-Gehäusen besteht aus Aragonit in ganz bestimmter Anordnung. Regeneriertes Gehäuse enthielt Kalzit in zufälliger Anordnung und Aragonit, meist auch in zufälliger Anordnung. Das Verhältnis Aragonit/Kalzit variierte stark und schien unabhängig von der experimentellen Unterlage zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Experimentally induced shell repair in the land snailOtala lactea has been employed to study the influence of the substratum on microtopography of the surface of mineral deposited by molluscs. Substrata, including the periostraca of four species of molluscs, surface replicas, and the outer membrane of the eggshell of the hen, have been inserted in the area of shell repair inOtala, and the topographical patterns of deposition of calcium carbonate have been observed by scanning electron microscopy. The mineral patterns formed on all inserted substrata conformed to the microtopography of the surfaces and were distinctly different from that of normal shell regeneration. The topography of the normal outer mineral surface of the shell of four species of molluscs were observed to conform to the topography of the periostraca on which the crystalline shell is deposited. It is inferred that the topography of the outer mineral surface of the shell probably results from the interaction of crystals of aragonite and calcite growing in an organic matrix and in contact with the periostracum. Normal shell ofOtala consists of fine-grained aragonite in highly preferred orientation. Regenerated shell contains calcite grains in random orientation and aragonite, usually in random orientation. The aragonite-to-calcite ratio varies widely and appears to be independent of experimental substrata placed in the area of repair.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 214-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcinosis ; Calcification ; Cartilage ; Collagen ; Mineral metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les facteurs, influençant la vitesse et l'intensité du phénomène d'association des ions calcium et phosphates avec des fibres contenant du collagène, et préparés à partir du tendon de boeuf par deux méthodes d'extraction différentes, ont été étudiés. Les fibres, obtenues par ces deux méthodes, nécessitent spécifiquement du phosphate pour absorber du calcium et vice versa. L'absorption ionique des deux préparations est inhibée par du Mg++, du pyrophosphate et un peptide acidique, isolé du sérum humain. Alors que les fibres contenant du collagène, préparées selon les deux méthodes, présentent une absorption ionique à des vitesses sensiblement identiques, seule une des méthodes donne une matrice réagissant positivement à la technique de coloration au nitrate d'argent de von Kossa. Etant donné que les deux critères de calcification sont intéressés de façon identique par des conditions de réaction et par des inhibiteurs, il apparait que les deux facteurs sont des manifestations de différents stades de calcification et que des études d'absorption ionique fournissent une base quantitative d'appréciation de la calcification, pouvant être d'importance pour l'étude du mécanisme et de contrôle de la minéralisation tissulaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Überprüft wurden die Faktoren, welche Geschwindigkeit und Ausmaß der Erscheinung beeinflussen, wobei Calcium- und Phosphationen sich mit den kollagenhaltigen, durch zwei verschiedene Extraktionsmethoden aus Rindersehnen gewonnenen Fasern eng zusammenbinden. Die mit beiden Methoden zubereiteten Fasern benötigen spezifisch Phosphat für die Calciumaufnahme und Calcium für die Phosphataufnahme. Die Ionenaufnahme beider Arten wird durch Mg++, Pyrophosphat und saure, aus dem menschlichen Serum isolierte Peptide gehemmt. Während die nach beiden Methoden präparierten kollagenhaltigen Fasern eine Ionenaufnahme von beinahe gleicher Geschwindigkeit verursachen, ergibt nur eine dieser Methoden eine Matrix, die mit der Silbernitratfärbung nach vonKossa positiv reagiert. Da beide Calcifikationskriterien gleicherweise durch Reaktionsbedingungen und Inhibitoren beeinflußt werden, wird daraus geschlossen, daß beide Erscheinungen verschiedener Stadien des Gesamtcalcifikationsprozesses sind. Untersuchungen über die Ionenaufnahme ergeben eine quantitative Angabe der Verkalkung, welche für die Erforschung des Mechanismus und der Kontrolle der Mineralisation der Gewebe wichtig sein könnte.
    Notes: Abstract Factors that influence the rate and extent of the phenomenon in which calcium and phosphate ions become firmly associated with collagen-containing fibers prepared from beef tendon by two different extraction methods have been investigated. The fibers produced by both methods specifically require phosphate for calcium uptake and calcium is required for phosphate uptake. Ion uptake by both types is inhibited by Mg++, pyrophosphate, and an acidic peptide isolated from human serum. Whereas the collagen-containing fibers prepared by both methods induce ion uptake at nearly identical rates, only one of the methods produced a matrix that gives a positive response to the silver nitrate staining technique of von Kossa. Since both criteria of calcification are similarly influenced by reaction conditions and inhibitors, it is concluded that both are manifestations of different stages of the overall calcification process and that studies of ion uptake provide a quantitative assessment of calcification which could be of importance for investigating the mechanism and control of tissue mineralization.
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  • 13
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 81-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Collagen ; Kinetics ; Matrix ; Ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail montre que les fibres contenant du collagène, et provenant de tendons de boeuf, induisent le dépôt d'ions calcium et phosphates à partir de solutions stables. Il se forme ainsi une phase minérale, liée à la matrice, qui participe aux réactions d'échange avec45Ca2+ et32P-HPO 4 2 -, présents dans la phase soluble. Les vitesses d'échange et le dépôt au niveau de la matrice augmentent lorsque la quantité de minéral lié est augmentée. Cependant, à des concentrations élevées de minéral lié, la vitesse de dépôt du calcium matriciel tend à approcher une valuer limite, indiquant la présence d'un facteur de limitation, ou d'une étape faisant intervenir l'ion calcium, qui ne participe pas à la réaction d'échange du calcium. Ces études montrent aussi que les inhibiteurs de la réaction générale de calcification peuvent être définies par leurs effects différents sur l'échange et le dépôt de l'ion matriciel. Une fraction peptidique acide, dérivée de l'urine, et l'acide méthylène-diphosphonique inhibent la calcification matriciel ainsi que les deux réactions d'échange, alors que Mg2+ et F− inhibent la calcification matricielle, mais n'inhibent pas les réactions d'échange. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les réactions d'échanges ne sont pas liés à la réversibilité du mécanisme de la calcification matricielle, mais constituent une réaction d'équilibre indépendante d'ions mobiles de la phase minérale liée avec ceux de la phase soluble.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Diese Untersuchung zeigt, daß collagenhaltige, aus Rindersehnen gewonnene Fasern die Aufnahme von Calcium- und Phosphationen aus stabilen Lösungen veranlassen; dadurch entsteht eine an die Matrix gebundene Mineralphase, welche an Austauschreaktionen mit in der löslichen Phase vorliegenden45Ca2+- und32P-HPO 4 2 -Ionen teilnimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Geschwindigkeit von Austausch und effektiver Aufnahme bei Erhöhung der gebundenen Mineralmenge zunahm. Ist jedoch viel Mineral gebunden, so hat die effektive Calcium-aufnahmegeschwindigkeit die Tendenz, einen Grenzwert zu erreichen, was die Beteiligung einer geschwindigkeitsbegrenzenden Stelle oder Stufe vermuten läßt, wobei das an der Calcium-austauschreaktion nicht teilnehmende Calciumion einbezogen wird. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen auch, daß Inhibitoren der gesamten Verkalkungsreaktion im Hinblick auf ihre unterschiedlichen Wirkungen auf Austausch und effektive Ionenaufnahme charakterisiert werden können. Eine saure Peptidfraktion aus Urin sowie Methylendiphosphonate hemmen die effektive Verkalkung und zudem beide Austauschreaktionen, während Mg2+ und F− wohl die effektive Verkalkung, aber nicht die Austauschreaktionen hemmen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die Austauschreaktionen nicht auf der Reversibilität des effektiven Verkalkungsvorgangs beruhen, sondern daß sie ein unabhängiges Gleichgewicht zwischen mobilen Ionen der gebundenen Mineralphase und der löslichen Phase darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract This investigation demonstrates that collagen-containing fibers derived from beef tendon will induce the uptake of calcium and phosphate ions from stable solutions to form a matrix-bound mineral phase that will participate in exchange reactions with45Ca2+ and32P-HPO 4 2 -present in the soluble phase. The rates of exchange and net uptake were found to be increased by increasing the amount of bound mineral. However, at elevated levels of bound mineral the rate of net calcium uptake tends to approach a limiting value, suggesting the involvement of a rate-limiting site or step involving the calcium ion that does not participate in the calcium exchange reaction. These studies also reveal that inhibitors of the overall calcification reaction can be characterized with respect to their differential effects on exchange and net ion uptake. An acidic peptide fraction derived from urine and methylenediphosphonic acid inhibit net calcification as well as both exchange reactions whereas Mg2+ and F− inhibit net calcification but do not inhibit the exchange reactions. These results indicate that the exchange reactions are not due to the reversibility of the net calcification reaction but constitute an independent equilibration of mobile ions of the bound mineral phase with those of the soluble phase.
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Rat ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between rat spermatogonia and between spermatocytes is illustrated from electron microscopy of serial sections. Clones, or syncytia, containing as many as 22 connected spermatogonia and as many as 74 connected spermatocytes were observed. The absence of closed rings of cells agrees with the observation that intercellular bridges are the result of incomplete cell division, rather than cell fusion. The bridges thus are a record of spermatogonial divisions within a clone. In early spermatogonial generations there is a predominantly linear arrangement. The groups of spermatocytes have more side branches. From the presence of synaptonemal complexes it is concluded that the connected spermatocytes of a given clone are in about the same developmental stage. The pattern of intercellular bridges indicates, however, that not all nuclei in a clone undergo mitosis in the same cycle. The connected cells of a clone are therefore not all of the same generation. From unconnected bridges it is assumed that new clones originate from single cells or groups of spermatogonia which separate from an existing clone.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Vasopressin release ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse a été examiné sur coupes ultrafines chez 45 rats (24 normaux, 17 déshydratés respectivement 1, 2 et 4 jours, et 4 anesthésiés à l'éther), après fixation au glutaraldéhyde ou selon la méthode de Karnovsky, post-fixation osmiée et double contraste à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb. Des fibres neurosécrétoires sombres et claires sont reconnaissables, mais les données manquent encore pour interpréter cette différence. Des densifications juxta-membranaires sont observées dans les terminaisons neurosécrétoires là où se trouvent des amas de microvésicules. Des fibres neurosécrétoires traversent parfois des pituicytes; il est aussi souvent observé des fibres, chargées de granules, libres dans un espace péricapillaire. Les espaces péricapillaires, ramifiés en tous sens loin des vaisseaux, développent une large surface de contact avec les extrémités nerveuses et les prolongements de pituicytes. Dans des conditions techniques bien contrôlées, la déshydratation n'entraîne pas de modifications appréciables des granules de neurosécrétat après 24 h. Ensuite les granules sont diminués en nombre, de façon très considérable le 4e jour; mais les granules restants ont un contenu dense normal; jamais il n'a été observé d'aspects de ≪granules vides ≫. Après anesthésie prolongée à l'éther, il n'y a aucune modification visible ni du nombre, ni de la densité des granules. Ces observations sont discutées quant au mécanisme de l'excrétion de vasopressine; elles sont en faveur de l'existence de deux pools hormonaux, l'un libre et rapidement disponible, l'autre plus fortement lié et certainement contenu dans les granules jouant le rôle de réserve. Toutefois un mécanisme d'exocytose granulaire ne peut être formellement exclu.
    Notes: Summary Hypophysial neural lobes of 45 rats (24 controls, 17 dehydrated resp. 1, 2 and 4 days, and 4 ether anesthetized) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or according to Karnovsky and post-fixed in osmium tetroxyde; ultrathin sections were stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Dark and clear neurosecretory fibres were observed, but sufficient data are still lacking for a valuable interpretation of these aspects. Juxta-membraneous densifications are visible in limited areas of neurosecretory terminals where clusters of microvesicles are present. Neurosecretory fibres happen to be completely encircled by pituioyte cytoplasm; fibres loaded with elementary granules are frequently encountered running free in a pericapillary space. Pericapillary spaces stretch out branching far away from vessels, resulting in a widespread contact with nerve terminals and pituicyte processes. In accurately controlled technical conditions, dehydratation does not result in any noticeable change of neurosecretory granules after 24 h. A decrease of the number of granules follows and is extremely conspicuous after 4 days; though, remaining granules keep a normal dense content, and aspects of “empty granules” have never been observed. After prolonged ether anesthesia, no visible change either in number or electron density of granules was observed. These findings are discussed in consideration of the mechanism of vasopressin release; they support the hypothesis of two hormonal pools, one of which would be free and rapidly available for release, the other being more tightly bound and certainly located in granules representing a storage site. Though granular exocytosis cannot be absolutely excluded.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 30-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex ; ACTH ; Autoradiography ; Stereology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes occurring in rat adrenocortical cells (zona fasciculata) during an 8 day period of treatment with ACTH, were investigated by morphometric and autoradiographic methods. The most important ultrastructural change consists in a conspicuous increase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, that accounts for about 50% of the total increase of cellular volume. Also the mitochondrial fraction shows a significant increase, which is found to be due both to the increment in the number of mitochondria per cell and to the increase in the mean volume of organelles themselves. The quantitative autoradiographic data, indicating an increment in the incorporation of 3H-orotate and 3H-leucine into adrenocortical cells of the treated animals, allow us to conclude that the ACTH-induced ultrastructural changes are the morphological expression of a stimulation of the cellular protein synthesis. Since mitochondria are largely autonomous in the synthesis of their enzymes and structural proteins, it is possible to hypothesize that ACTH also intervenes in the regulation of the mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Actin- and myosin-like filaments ; Tubule and interstitial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy, the prominent bundles of filaments occurring in the basal part of proximal and distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells of rat kidney cortex were studied in cells fixed by vascular perfusion, in glycerol-extracted cells and in glycerol-extracted cells treated with heavy meromyosin (HMM). The studies of perfusion-fixed tissue showed that the proximal tubule cells contained in their most basal part filamentous bundles oriented transversely around the tubule. The bundles consisted of trightly packed thin filaments (50–80 Å in diameter). Similar but less prominent bundles were found in distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells. The dimension of these filaments was similar to that of actin filaments and their insertion in the basal cell membrane of the tubule epithelial cells resembled the insertion of actin filaments in the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells. The studies on glycerol-extracted cells revealed that some tubule cells contained two types of filaments (60–80 Å and 130–170 Å in diameter) located side by side in the basal filamentous bundles. The dimension of the thick filaments corresponds well to the values for myosin filaments in glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscle. The studies on HMM-reacted renal tissue revealed that the thin filaments (60–80 Å) described in tubule and interstitial cells are probably actin filaments, as they formed characteristic arrowhead complexes morphologically indistinguishable from the complexes of HMM with actin filaments in smooth and striated muscle cells. Our results provide strong evidence that a two-filament contractile system, based on interaction of actin and myosin filaments, exists in renal tubule and interstitial cells. As a hypothesis it is proposed that it is changes in tonus of the basal filamentous system in the proximal tubule cells which stabilize the intratubular pressure, possibly via angiotensin.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Trypsin-dissociation ; ACTH stimulation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of trypsin-dissociated rat adrenal showed predominantly intact rounded cells without internal damage. The population contained cells from the glomerular, intermediary and fascicular zones with cells from the zona fasciculata predominant. The presence or absence of cells from the reticular zone could not be determined. Cells from the medullary zone were absent. The addition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the cellular suspension for 2 hours produced corticosterone. However, these stimulated cells did not display any significant ultrastructural change.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Surface multivesicular structures ; Erythrocyte maturation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface multivesicular structures associated with the plasmalemma of erythrocytes were observed in the peripheral blood of rats which have a significant number of circulating reticulocytes. These surface structures appear as ovoid evaginations (0.2 to 0.7 μ in diameter) of the plasma membrane and contain numerous small vesicles ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μ in diameter. The structures were present during the final stages of maturation of erythrocytes, after nuclei and mitochondria had been extruded and only a few polysomes and small vesicles remained. They appear quite distinct from the autophagic vacuoles which have been described in association with degeneration and extrusion of mitochondria from erythrocytes. The exact origin of the small internal vesicles of these surface multivesicular structures is unknown; however, similar vesicles have been observed in the cytoplasm of the maturing erythrocyte especially in the vicinity of the Golgi body. These structures suggest a process by which Golgi elements and other small cytoplasmic vesicles are extruded during the late stages of maturation of rat erythrocytes.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin terminals ; 5,6- and 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Chemical degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopical evidence for the existence of an important serotonergic input to the rat median eminence is presented. This evidence is based on the demonstration of degenerating nerve terminals in the external layer of the rat median eminence following the application of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, drugs known to exert more or less selective toxic effects on central serotonin neurons. The finding of a serotonergic innervation of the median eminence in mammals has important implications for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a modulator of synthesis and/or release of hypothalamic, hypophysiotropic hormones.
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