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  • 1
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    The properties of polycrystalline silicon solar cells with controlled titanium additions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By coupling the results of electrical measurements, such as spectral response, lighted and dark I-V determinations, and deep-level-transient spectroscopy with optical and laser scan photomicroscopy, the effects of grain boundaries and impurities on silicon solar cells were evaluated. Titanium, which produces two deep levels in silicon, degrades cell performance by reducing bulk lifetime and thus cell short-circuit current. Electrically active grain boundaries induce carrier recombination in the bulk and depletion regions of the solar cell. Experimental data imply a small but measurable segregation of titanium into some grain boundaries of the polycrystalline silicon containing high Ti concentration. However, for the titanium-contaminated polycrystalline material used in this study, solar cell performance is dominated by the electrically active titanium concentration in the grains. Microstructural impacts on the devices are of secondary importance
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; Jan. 198
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Effect of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells. Volume 1: Characterization methods for impurities in silicon and impurity effects data base (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two major topics are treated: methods to measure and evaluate impurity effects in silicon and comprehensive tabulations of data derived during the study. Discussions of deep level spectroscopy, detailed dark I-V measurements, recombination lifetime determination, scanned laser photo-response, conventional solar cell I-V techniques, and descriptions of silicon chemical analysis are presented and discussed. The tabulated data include lists of impurity segregation coefficients, ingot impurity analyses and estimated concentrations, typical deep level impurity spectra, photoconductive and open circuit decay lifetimes for individual metal-doped ingots, and a complete tabulation of the cell I-V characteristics of nearly 200 ingots.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-162627 , DOE/JPL-954331-80/9 , JPL-9950-299 , QR-17
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  • 3
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    Silicon materials task of the Low Cost Solar Array Project: Effect of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of impurities and processing on the characteristics of silicon and terrestrial silicon solar cells were defined in order to develop cost benefit relationships for the use of cheaper, less pure solar grades of silicon. The amount of concentrations of commonly encountered impurities that can be tolerated in typical p or n base solar cells was established, then a preliminary analytical model from which the cell performance could be projected depending on the kinds and amounts of contaminants in the silicon base material was developed. The impurity data base was expanded to include construction materials, and the impurity performace model was refined to account for additional effects such as base resistivity, grain boundary interactions, thermal processing, synergic behavior, and nonuniform impurity distributions. A preliminary assessment of long term (aging) behavior of impurities was also undertaken.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-169051 , DOE/JPL-954331-82/13 , JPL-9950-655 , NAS 1.26:169051
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  • 4
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    Solar cell contacts (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two experimental contact systems were examined and compared to a baseline contact system consisting of evaporated layers of titanium, palladium, and silver and an electroplated layer of copper. The first experimental contact system consisted of evaporated layers of titanium, nickel, and copper and an electroplated layer of copper. This system performed as well as the baseline system in all respects, including its response to temperature stress tests, to a humidity test, and to an accelerated aging test. In addition, the cost of this system is estimated to be only 43 percent of the cost of the baseline system at a production level of 25 MW/year. The second experimental contact system consisted of evaporated layers of nickel and copper and an electroplated layer of copper. Cells with this system show serious degradation in a temperature stress test at 350 C for 30 minutes. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to show that the evaporated nickel layer is not an adequate barrier to copper diffusion even at temperatures as low as 250 C. This fact brings into question the long-term reliability of this contact system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 5
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    Silicon materials task of the low-cost solar array project. Phase 4: Effects of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of the study form a basis for silicon producers, wafer manufacturers, and cell fabricators to develop appropriate cost-benefit relationships for the use of less pure, less costly solar grade silicon. Cr is highly mobile in silicon even at temperatures as low as 600 C. Contrasting with earlier data for Mo, Ti, and V, Cr concentrations vary from place to place in polycrystalline silicon wafers and the electrically-active Cr concentration in the polysilicon is more than an order of magnitude smaller than would be projected from single crystal impurity data. We hypothesize that Cr diffuses during ingot cooldown after growth, preferentially segregates to grain and becomes electrically deactivated. Accelerated aging data from Ni-contaminated silicon imply that no significant impurity-induced cell performance reduction should be expected over a twenty year device lifetime.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-164331 , DOE/JPL-954331-81/13 , JPL-9950-530 , QR-21
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  • 6
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    Solar cells and modules from dentritic web silicon (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Some of the noteworthy features of the processes developed in the fabrication of solar cell modules are the handling of long lengths of web, the use of cost effective dip coating of photoresist and antireflection coatings, selective electroplating of the grid pattern and ultrasonic bonding of the cell interconnect. Data on the cells is obtained by means of dark I-V analysis and deep level transient spectroscopy. A histogram of over 100 dentritic web solar cells fabricated in a number of runs using different web crystals shows an average efficiency of over 13%, with some efficiencies running above 15%. Lower cell efficiency is generally associated with low minority carrier time due to recombination centers sometimes present in the bulk silicon. A cost analysis of the process sequence using a 25 MW production line indicates a selling price of $0.75/peak watt in 1986. It is concluded that the efficiency of dentritic web cells approaches that of float zone silicon cells, reduced somewhat by the lower bulk lifetime of the former.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Jan 07, 1980 - Jan 10, 1980; San Diego, CA
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Silicon materials task of the low-cost solar array project. Phase 4: Effects of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of impurities, various thermochemical processes, and any impurity-process interactions upon the performance of terrestrial solar cells are defined. The results form a basis for silicon producers, wafer manufacturers, and cell fabricators to develop appropriate cost benefit relationships for the use of less pure, less costly solar grade silicon.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-164622 , DOE/JPL-954331-81/14 , JPL-9950-558 , QR-22
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