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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (11)
  • Mice  (7)
  • 2010-2014  (4)
  • 1995-1999  (2)
  • 1990-1994  (5)
  • 1985-1989  (7)
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  • 1
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    Reduced immunotoxicity and preservation of antibacterial activity in a releasable side-chain carbapenem antibiotic (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-29
    Description: A carbapenem antibiotic, L-786,392, was designed so that the side chain that provides high-affinity binding to the penicillin-binding proteins responsible for bacterial resistance was also the structural basis for ameliorating immunopathology. Expulsion of the side chain upon opening of the beta-lactam ring retained antibacterial activity while safely expelling the immunodominant epitope. L-786,392 was well tolerated in animal safety studies and had significant in vitro and in vivo activities against methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosen, H -- Hajdu, R -- Silver, L -- Kropp, H -- Dorso, K -- Kohler, J -- Sundelof, J G -- Huber, J -- Hammond, G G -- Jackson, J J -- Gill, C J -- Thompson, R -- Pelak, B A -- Epstein-Toney, J H -- Lankas, G -- Wilkening, R R -- Wildonger, K J -- Blizzard, T A -- DiNinno, F P -- Ratcliffe, R W -- Heck, J V -- Kozarich, J W -- Hammond, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):703-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. hugh_rosen@merck.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/blood ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Carbapenems/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Dipeptidases/metabolism ; *Drug Design ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Enterococcus/drug effects ; Erythrocytes/immunology ; Haptens ; *Hexosyltransferases ; Humans ; Immunodominant Epitopes ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Lactams/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase/metabolism ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; *Peptidyl Transferases ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Staphylococcus/drug effects ; Thiazoles/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Interconversion between intestinal stem cell populations in distinct niches (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: Intestinal epithelial stem cell identity and location have been the subject of substantial research. Cells in the +4 niche are slow-cycling and label-retaining, whereas a different stem cell niche located at the crypt base is occupied by crypt base columnar (CBC) cells. CBCs are distinct from +4 cells, and the relationship between them is unknown, though both give rise to all intestinal epithelial lineages. We demonstrate that Hopx, an atypical homeobox protein, is a specific marker of +4 cells. Hopx-expressing cells give rise to CBCs and all mature intestinal epithelial lineages. Conversely, CBCs can give rise to +4 Hopx-positive cells. These findings demonstrate a bidirectional lineage relationship between active and quiescent stem cells in their niches.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705713/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705713/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takeda, Norifumi -- Jain, Rajan -- LeBoeuf, Matthew R -- Wang, Qiaohong -- Lu, Min Min -- Epstein, Jonathan A -- R01 HL071546/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100405/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1420-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1213214. Epub 2011 Nov 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22075725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology ; Homeodomain Proteins/analysis/genetics ; Intestinal Mucosa/*cytology/drug effects ; Intestine, Small/*cytology/drug effects ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Multipotent Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Paneth Cells/cytology ; *Stem Cell Niche ; Tamoxifen/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Protection against malaria by intravenous immunization with a nonreplicating sporozoite vaccine (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Consistent, high-level, vaccine-induced protection against human malaria has only been achieved by inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) by mosquito bites. We report that the PfSPZ Vaccine--composed of attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ--was safe and well tolerated when administered four to six times intravenously (IV) to 40 adults. Zero of six subjects receiving five doses and three of nine subjects receiving four doses of 1.35 x 10(5) PfSPZ Vaccine and five of six nonvaccinated controls developed malaria after controlled human malaria infection (P = 0.015 in the five-dose group and P = 0.028 for overall, both versus controls). PfSPZ-specific antibody and T cell responses were dose-dependent. These data indicate that there is a dose-dependent immunological threshold for establishing high-level protection against malaria that can be achieved with IV administration of a vaccine that is safe and meets regulatory standards.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seder, Robert A -- Chang, Lee-Jah -- Enama, Mary E -- Zephir, Kathryn L -- Sarwar, Uzma N -- Gordon, Ingelise J -- Holman, LaSonji A -- James, Eric R -- Billingsley, Peter F -- Gunasekera, Anusha -- Richman, Adam -- Chakravarty, Sumana -- Manoj, Anita -- Velmurugan, Soundarapandian -- Li, MingLin -- Ruben, Adam J -- Li, Tao -- Eappen, Abraham G -- Stafford, Richard E -- Plummer, Sarah H -- Hendel, Cynthia S -- Novik, Laura -- Costner, Pamela J M -- Mendoza, Floreliz H -- Saunders, Jamie G -- Nason, Martha C -- Richardson, Jason H -- Murphy, Jittawadee -- Davidson, Silas A -- Richie, Thomas L -- Sedegah, Martha -- Sutamihardja, Awalludin -- Fahle, Gary A -- Lyke, Kirsten E -- Laurens, Matthew B -- Roederer, Mario -- Tewari, Kavita -- Epstein, Judith E -- Sim, B Kim Lee -- Ledgerwood, Julie E -- Graham, Barney S -- Hoffman, Stephen L -- VRC 312 Study Team -- 3R44AI055229-06S1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 4R44AI055229-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R44AI058499-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- N01-AI-40096/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1359-65. doi: 10.1126/science.1241800. Epub 2013 Aug 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA. rseder@mail.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravenous ; Adult ; Animals ; Cytokines/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Malaria Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control ; Male ; Mice ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; Sporozoites/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vaccination/adverse effects/methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Basal cell carcinomas in mice overexpressing sonic hedgehog (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PATCHED (PTC) are found in human patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome, a disease causing developmental defects and tumors, including basal cell carcinomas. Gene regulatory relationships defined in the fruit fly Drosophila suggest that overproduction of Sonic hedgehog (SHH), the ligand for PTC, will mimic loss of ptc function. It is shown here that transgenic mice overexpressing SHH in the skin develop many features of basal cell nevus syndrome, demonstrating that SHH is sufficient to induce basal cell carcinomas in mice. These data suggest that SHH may have a role in human tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oro, A E -- Higgins, K M -- Hu, Z -- Bonifas, J M -- Epstein, E H Jr -- Scott, M P -- AR39959/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):817-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Embryo, Mammalian ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Keratinocytes/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Skin/pathology ; Skin Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Skin Transplantation ; *Trans-Activators
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Rab5 is necessary for the biogenesis of the endolysosomal system in vivo (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-25
    Description: An outstanding question is how cells control the number and size of membrane organelles. The small GTPase Rab5 has been proposed to be a master regulator of endosome biogenesis. Here, to test this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model of endosome dependency on Rab5 and validated it by titrating down all three Rab5 isoforms in adult mouse liver using state-of-the-art RNA interference technology. Unexpectedly, the endocytic system was resilient to depletion of Rab5 and collapsed only when Rab5 decreased to a critical level. Loss of Rab5 below this threshold caused a marked reduction in the number of early endosomes, late endosomes and lysosomes, associated with a block of low-density lipoprotein endocytosis. Loss of endosomes caused failure to deliver apical proteins to the bile canaliculi, suggesting a requirement for polarized cargo sorting. Our results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, the role of Rab5 as an endosome organizer in vivo and reveal the resilience mechanisms of the endocytic system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeigerer, Anja -- Gilleron, Jerome -- Bogorad, Roman L -- Marsico, Giovanni -- Nonaka, Hidenori -- Seifert, Sarah -- Epstein-Barash, Hila -- Kuchimanchi, Satya -- Peng, Chang Geng -- Ruda, Vera M -- Del Conte-Zerial, Perla -- Hengstler, Jan G -- Kalaidzidis, Yannis -- Koteliansky, Victor -- Zerial, Marino -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 23;485(7399):465-70. doi: 10.1038/nature11133.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22622570" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Polarity ; Cells, Cultured ; Endocytosis ; Endosomes/*metabolism ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Hepatocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism ; Liver/cytology/enzymology/metabolism ; Lysosomes/*metabolism ; Mice ; Multivesicular Bodies/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Time Factors ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism ; rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Live attenuated malaria vaccine designed to protect through hepatic CD8(+) T cell immunity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: Our goal is to develop a vaccine that sustainably prevents Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria in 〉/=80% of recipients. Pf sporozoites (PfSPZ) administered by mosquito bites are the only immunogens shown to induce such protection in humans. Such protection is thought to be mediated by CD8(+) T cells in the liver that secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We report that purified irradiated PfSPZ administered to 80 volunteers by needle inoculation in the skin was safe, but suboptimally immunogenic and protective. Animal studies demonstrated that intravenous immunization was critical for inducing a high frequency of PfSPZ-specific CD8(+), IFN-gamma-producing T cells in the liver (nonhuman primates, mice) and conferring protection (mice). Our results suggest that intravenous administration of this vaccine will lead to the prevention of infection with Pf malaria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Epstein, J E -- Tewari, K -- Lyke, K E -- Sim, B K L -- Billingsley, P F -- Laurens, M B -- Gunasekera, A -- Chakravarty, S -- James, E R -- Sedegah, M -- Richman, A -- Velmurugan, S -- Reyes, S -- Li, M -- Tucker, K -- Ahumada, A -- Ruben, A J -- Li, T -- Stafford, R -- Eappen, A G -- Tamminga, C -- Bennett, J W -- Ockenhouse, C F -- Murphy, J R -- Komisar, J -- Thomas, N -- Loyevsky, M -- Birkett, A -- Plowe, C V -- Loucq, C -- Edelman, R -- Richie, T L -- Seder, R A -- Hoffman, S L -- 5R44AI055229-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R44AI058375-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R44AI058499-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):475-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1211548. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood/immunology ; Antigens, Protozoan/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis/immunology ; Liver/*immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; Rabbits ; Sporozoites/*immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage/adverse effects/immunology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Structure-activity studies of interleukin-2 (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-10-17
    Description: The critical role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in immune response heightens the need to know its structure in order to understand its activity. New computer-assisted predictive methods for the assignment of secondary structure together with a method to predict the tertiary structure of a protein from data on its primary sequence and secondary structure were applied to IL-2. This method generated four topological families of structures, of which the most plausible is a right-handed fourfold alpha-helical bundle. Members of this family were shown to be compatible with existing structural data on disulfide bridges and monoclonal antibody binding for IL-2. Experimental estimates of secondary structure from circular dichroism and site-directed mutagenesis data support the model. A region likely to be important in IL-2 binding to its receptor was identified as residues Leu36, Met38, Leu40, Phe42, Phe44, and Met46.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, F E -- Kosen, P A -- Kuntz, I D -- Epstein, L B -- Ciardelli, T L -- Smith, K A -- CA27903/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM34197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MOJ JD17001/PHS HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Oct 17;234(4774):349-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3489989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; *Interleukin-2/genetics/physiology ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of volatiles in Nakhla: Implications for weathering on Mars (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Gases were collected at 120, 200, 300, 415, and 600 and 850 C. Hydrogen yields for the 600 and 850 C aliquots were measured separately and then the gases were combined for isotopic analysis. CO2 samples collected at the two lowest temperature steps amounted to less than 0.5 mu mole and were not analyzed isotopically. Excluding the 120 C temperature step, the bulk delta D of the sample was + 187 percent. Delta D values increase from -91 percent in the 120 C step to +518 percent in the 315 to 850 C step. The hydrogen content is greatest in the 120 C step and is roughly constant in the 200, 300, and 415 C aliquots. Between 415 C and 850 C, the yield drops off considerably. From 850 C to 950 C, virtually no H2 and only minor CO2 (less than 1 mu mole) were extracted. Using the isotopic analysis from the 300, 415, 600, and 850 C temperature collections, the bulk delta C-13 sub (PDB) is 0.0 percent. The heaviest component (delta C-13 sub (PDB) of +29 percent) was collected between 300 and 415 C. The release of hydrogen at the low temperatures reported here is consistent with the breakdown of the phases that constitute the alteration product between approx. 250 and 650 C. Although not as high as the present Martian atmosphere, the high delta D values are consistent with a Martian origin for the meteorites in question.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Martian Surface and Atmosphere Through Time; p 165-166
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  • 9
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    High D/H ratios of water in magmatic amphiboles in Chassigny: Possible constraints on the isotopic composition of magmatic water on Mars (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The D/H ratios of kaersutitic amphiboles contained in magmatic inclusions in the Shergottites Nakhlites Chassignites (SNC) meteorite Chassigny using the ion microprobe were measured. A lower limit on the delta(D(sub SMOW)) of the amphiboles is +1420 +/- 47 percent. Assuming Chassigny comes from Mars and the amphiboles have not been subject to alteration after their crystallization, this result implies either that recycling of D-enriched Martian atmosphere-derived waters into the planetary interior has taken place, or that the primordial hydrogen isotopic composition of the interior of Mars differs significantly from that of the Earth (delta(D(sub SMOW)) approximately 0 percent). In addition, the measurements indicate that the amphiboles contain less than 0.3 wt. percent water. This is much lower than published estimates, and indicates a less-hydrous Chassigny parent magma than previously suggested.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 3: N-Z; p 1493-1494
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  • 10
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    Sources of Na for the Io atmosphere (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The physics and geology of Io have been extensively studied, but there has been little discussion of the chemistry. Relatively little is known about Io chemistry, but there are constraints. Further, it will be a long time before improvements will result from direct observation, given the severe difficulties with the Galileo mission. Via laboratory simulation experiments, plausible thermochemical and photochemical processes which determine the nature and amounts of surface constituents of Io are explored. The well-known density of Io shows that the planet overall is rocky. Because the orbit of Io is well within the magnetosphere of Jupiter and because Io only has a thin, transient SO2 atmosphere, the surface is continually sputtered with magnetospheric ions. Complex processes ionize and accelerate the Io surface atoms to keV and MeV energies. Remarkably, only S, O, and Na ions were found by Voyager. Sputtering also produces an atomic cloud of Na and S (O not observable) with a trace of K. Both gaseous and solid SO2 are known from spectroscopic studies. A trace of H2S and possibly CO2 are present. Geologic features are interpreted in terms of elemental S, but there is no direct evidence for this constituent. We thus have a rocky planet which does not have rocks on the surface. Our general goal is to understand the cycling of Na, S, and O through the crust and atmosphere on present-day Io and to understand how Io evolved to this state. A specific objective was to determine the phases on the surface which are the source of the Na in the atmosphere of Io.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-F; p 229-230
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