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  • Springer  (123)
  • American Physical Society (APS)  (33)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • 2010-2014  (76)
  • 2000-2004  (16)
  • 1995-1999  (52)
  • 1965-1969  (12)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 138 (1997), S. 387-411 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Störreizen auf das Energiebudget von Ringelgänsen wurde im Frühjahr 1991 in zwei Vorland-Salzwiesen des Nationalparks Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer vergleichend untersucht. Die Häufigkeit störreizbedingter Reaktionen der Gänse (Störreizhäufigkeit) wurde als Index für die anthropogene Beeinflussung der Gebiete herangezogen. Die Beeinflussung war in Westerhever mit 1,5±0,7 Reaktionen/h signifikant größer als vor dem Norderheverkoog (1,0±0,6 Reaktionen/h). Mit zunehmender Aktivitätszeit wurde in beiden Gebieten im Verlauf des Frühjahres mehr umsetzbare Energie aufgenommen. In Westerhever haben die Gänse im Vergleich zu denen vor dem Norderheverkoog mit Ausnahme des Mai jeweils mehr umsetzbare Energie aufgenommen. Die energetischen Kosten (DEE) der Gänse wurden anhand der Zeit-Energie-Budget Methode und über die gemessene Körpermasseentwicklung von Fänglingen berechnet. Beide Methoden erzielten vergleichbare Ergebnisse; die Unterschiede betrugen je nach Gebiet 0,4 bis 4,5 %. In Westerhever verzeichneten die Gänse im Vergleich zu denen vor dem Norderheverkoog im Monatsmittel höhere energetische Kosten. Aus dem budgetierten Energieüberschuß (ΔE) wurde die theoretisch mögliche Reservestoffanlagerung (Änderung der Körpermasse) der Gänse berechnet. In Westerhever konnten die Gänse im Verlauf des Frühjahres 357 g Körperreserven anlagern. Bei den Gänsen vor dem Norderheverkoog waren es 399 g. Der Unterschied betrug 11,7 %, war aber nicht signifikant. Anhand von Fangdaten ist bekannt, daß Ringelgänse im langjährigen Mittel Körperreserven von 380 bis 400 Gramm anlagern. Die Störreizhäufigkeit des Tages bewirkte eine signifikante Veränderung der Budgetparameter DME und DEE und ΔE auf stündlicher Basis. In Westerhever stieg die Aufnahme an umsetzbarer Energie signifikant mit steigender Störreizhäufigkeit an. Vor dem Norderheverkoog verringerte sich diese jedoch signifikant. Die Energieaufwendungen stiegen in beiden Gebieten signifikant mit steigender Reizhäufigkeit an. Der Überschuß in der Energiebilanz der Gänse in Westerhever war an Tagen mit einer großen Störreizhäufigkeit um 8,7 % gegenüber den Tagen mit einer geringen Reizhäufigkeit verringert. Aufgrund fehlender kompensatorischer Nahrungsaufnahme war der Überschuß bei den Gänsen vor dem Norderheverkoog um maximal 27,5 % vermindert. Die Gänse in Westerhever haben störreizbedingte Zeitverluste bei der Nahrungsaufnahme und erhöhte energetische Kosten durch Verhaltensänderung und eine erhöhte Nahrungsaufnahme pro Zeit kompensiert. Aufgrund physiologischer Zwänge sind sie jedoch in dem stark vom Menschen beeinflußten Gebiet an die Grenzen ihrer Kompensationsmöglichkeit angelangt. Die errechnete Reservestoffanlagerung und auch der Jungvogelanteil im nachfolgenden Herbst waren geringer als bei den Gänsen vor dem Norderheverkoog.
    Notes: Abstract The impact of human disturbances on the energy budget of Brent Geese,Branta b. bernicla, during spring migration was investigated in two different salt marsh areas within the national park “Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer”, Germany. We used the frequency of disturbance-related reactions of the birds as an indicator of the anthropogenic influencing of the sites. The disturbance frequency was significantly higher in the Westerhever salt marsh (1,5±0,7 reactions/h) than in the Norderheverkoog area (1,0±0,6 reactions/h). Monthly activity and energy budgets of the birds were calculated from March to May, based on several simultaneous day-round field observations per month. The amount of daily metabolizable energy (DME) was calculated via dropping rate and digestability of the food. The daily energy expenditure (DEE) was calculated by means of the time-energy-budget methods and by calculations, using the bodymass changes of caught birds during spring. With both methods very similar results were obtained; they varied between 0,4 to 4,5 % per areas and month. The daily energy budget (Æ E) was calculated from DEE — DME. Due to an increasing daily activity time from March to Mai the DME increased in both areas. Compared to the Norderheverkoog area the DME of the birds in Westerhever was higher in March and April, and similar in Mai. DEE increased in both areas too and was in all months higher in Westerhever than in Norderheverkoog. The calculated bodymass changes of the birds during spring was 357 g for the birds in Westerhever and 399 g for the birds in Norderheverkoog. Bodymass measures from caught birds revealed a mean mass gain of 380 to 400 g during spring. The daily disturbance frequency caused a significant change in the budget parameters DME, DDE and Δ E on a hourly base. In Westerhever DME/h increased, while in Norderheverkoog DME/h decreased significantly with increasing disturbance frequency. At the same time DEE/h increased in both areas significantly. As a consequence Δ E/h was reduced at days with a high disturbance frequency; in Westerhever by 8,7 % and in Norderheverkoog by 27,5%. In the disturbed area the birds compensated the time-loss during feeding and the higher energetic costs during disturbance-related flights by a change in activity pattern and by an increased food consumption per time unit. Based on physiological constraints the birds reached their compensatory abilities. The calculated bodymass gain and the proportion of young birds in the flocks was reduced in autumn.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 83-103 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of the hydrodynamic model the exact coupling constants of the coupling of the giant multipole resonances to the surface quadrupole oscillations of nuclei are derived. The differences to former variational calculations are discussed. It is found that the coupling constants for the terms linear in the surface variables are almost the same whereas the coupling constants for the quadratic terms differ appreciably. The influence on the photon absorption and scattering cross sections of spherical nuclei is discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 25.75.+r
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positively charged pions and protons from collisions of Ne+NaF and Au+Au at 1 GeV/nucleon incident energy were measured near midrapidity. The center-of-mass pion spectra deviate from a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The slope of the high-energy part of the pion spectra varies significantly with the system mass and little with the size of the reaction zone. While the total pion yield rises linearly with the number of participant nucleons, the highenergy component increases more than linearly.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 757-761 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Vasculogenesis ; angiogenesis ; muscle ; embryonic ; metabolites ; fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ; chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Normal and pathological formation of blood vessels is of considerable interest both in terms of basic scientific processes and clinical applications. Angiogenic events in the adult are likely to represent persistence of developmental mechanisms, and embryos are therefore a suitable experimental model for these processes. Among embryonic tissues, muscle is particularly appropriate for investigation, since it is highly vascularised from early stages. There are a number of competing explanations of how this process is controlled. Bioassays offer advantages over conventional molecular localisation techniques, in that they reveal the presence of active processed forms of the molecules under study, rather than non-processed forms, or non-translated meassages. Using these techniques, we report here that embryonic chick muscle, taken from the stages at which blood vessels are forming, produces an angiogenic activity on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and transforms NR6 cells in soft agar. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is shown to be angiogenic on the CAM in the same way, and also transforms NR6 cells (NR6 cells lack functional epidermal growth factor/transforming growth factor-a receptors, and are believed to respond only to bFGF in this way). Anti-bFGF removes the transforming activity of the embryonic muscle. We conclude that this represents evidence that embryonic chick muscle is producing an FGF-like molecule which is capable of acting as an angiogenic agent at the appropriate times in development.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Keywords: dialogue systems ; multilingual NL generation ; natural language processing ; public administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Law
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents two projects concerned with the application of natural language processing technology for improving communication between Public Administration and citizens. The first project, GIST,is concerned with automatic multilingual generation of instructional texts for form-filling. The second project, TAMIC, aims at providing an interface for interactive access to information, centered on natural language processing and supposed to be used by the clerk but with the active participation of the citizen.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 59 (1969), S. 228-256 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An area of about 200 sq.m., consisting of epimetamorphic Precambrian schists and granites in the northern parts of the Tibesti mountains was studied by geologic interpretation of small scale aerial photographs. The scope of work was the evaluation of the structural trends in the basement complex, the distribution of lengths and azimuts of the fracture pattern, and a quantitative asessment of the drainage system. Plotting of the photogeologic and drainage map was done by a third order instrument, the ZEISS Stereotop. The network of pass points used in stereoplotting was established by slotted templet radial triangulation at a scale of 1∶50000. Fracture trace analysis showed that the fracture pattern is not related to the fold structures of the bedrock, but to a younger wrench fault system with a master shear direction of 30°. The drainage network is mature in spite of only episodic rainfalls. 15 drainage basins of 3rd to 5th order magnitude were examined closely, and channel orders, numbers and lengths as well as basin areas were determined.Horton's law of stream numbers is observed closely by all basins in spite of obvious structural control. The weighted mean bifurcation ratio is fairly constant around the value of 4.10. Mean channel lengths seem to be more sensitive to structural control, as deviations of measurements fromHorton's second law are noticeable in many basins. Drainage densities are closely grouped around a mean value of 3.53. The relation between drainage density and channel frequency found byMelton is maintained, but the values tend to be somewhat lower than described originally. Influence of fracture directions on the drainage pattern is obvious in the distribution of azimuts. ASpearman rank correlation test showed significant control of the drainage network by the directions of the fracture system. The use of aerial photographs in quantitative evaluations of fracture and drainage patterns may, in many cases, result in the procurement of more accurate data in much shorter time than by conventional methods.
    Abstract: Résumé L'interprétation photogéologique d'une région de schistes précambriens épimétamorphiques d'environ 500 km2 au versant nord du Tibesti a été effectuée en vue d'une étude quantitative des grandes structures et des réseaux de fractures et de drainage. L'analyse statistique des fractures a prouvé que les directions dominantes du réseau de fractures ne sont pas liées au plissement mais à un «wrench fault system» au sens deMoody &Hill (1956). On a pu détérminer l'ordre, le nombre et les longueurs des segments de drainage ainsi que la surface des bassins du réseau de drainage, bien développé malgré les pluies rares mais intenses. Le contrôle structural du réseau de drainage présente un écart relativement faible de la 1ère loi deHorton. Le système de drainage s'accorde toutefois moins bien à la 2e loi deHorton, manifestement plus sensitive. Sur un sous-sol uniforme au point de vue lithologique, le rapport de bifurcation est assez constant autour de la valeur moyenne Rh=4.10. La relation entre la densité du réseau de drainage et la fréquence des segments découverte parMelton (1958) s'est confirmée. La comparaison des directions des réseaux de fractures et de drainage démontre nettement l'influence, prouvée par un test de corrélationSpearman, des directions tectoniques sur le système de drainage. L'analyse photogéologique de photographies aériennes permet une étude quantitative de réseux de fractures et de drainage en moins de temps et avec une précision souvent supérieure aux mesures faites sur des cartes ou sur le terrain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Bereich präkambrischer epizonal metamorpher Schiefer von rund 500 km2 am Nordabfall des Tibestigebirges wurde eine photogeologische Untersuchung durchgeführt, um neben den Großstrukturen das Kluftnetz und das Entwässerungsnetz möglichst quantitativ zu erfassen. Die statistische Kluftanalyse ergab, daß die vorherrschenden Richtungen des Kluftnetzes genetisch nicht mit dem Faltenbau in Verbindung gebracht werden können, sondern an ein „wrench fault system“ im Sinne vonMoody &Hill (1956) gebunden sind. An dem voll entwickelten Entwässerungsnetz von Trockentälern, die nur während der episodischen, aber intensiven Regenfälle Wasser führen, wurden die Ordnungen, Anzahlen und Längen der Talsegmente sowie die Fläche der einzelnen Entwässerungsbecken bestimmt. Die bei struktureller Kontrolle des Entwässerungsnetzes zu erwartenden Abweichungen vonHorton's 1. Gesetz sind verhältnismäßig gering. Das Talsystem folgt jedoch dem offenbar sensitiveren 2.Horton'schen Gesetz wesentlich schlechter. Bei lithologisch gleichmäßigem Untergrund liegt das mittlere Bifurkationsverhältnis recht konstant um den Wert Rb=4,10. Der vonMelton (1958) gefundene gesetzmäßige Zusammenhang zwischen Entwässerungsdichte und Talsegment-Häufigkeit konnte bestätigt werden. Ein Vergleich der Richtungsverteilungen von Kluft- und Talnetz erweist die deutliche Beeinflussung des Entwässerungssystems durch die tektonischen Richtungen; einSpearman-Rangkorrelationstest ergibt für die Mehrzahl der Bekken bei einem Signifikanzniveau von α=0,100 eine signifikante Beeinflussung des Entwässerungsnetzes durch die Kluftrichtungen. Für quantitative Untersuchungen über Kluftnetz und Entwässerungsnetz bietet die photogeologische Auswertung von Luftbildern nicht nur Vorteile im Zeit- und Arbeitsaufwand, sondern teilweise auch höhere Genauigkeit gegenüber Messungen aus Karten oder im Gelände.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: Key words: Aluminium; plasma-assisted nitriding; AlN; AES; TEM.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract.  Detailed examinations were made by AES depth profiling, SEM, TEM and electron diffraction to get information about the relation between treatment conditions and the state of plasma-nitrided aluminium. The chemical composition and the elemental depth distribution were proofed to be depending on gas phase mixture, pressure and temperature during plasma treatment. The admixture of hydrogen during presputtering for surface cleaning and during nitriding results both in an improved nitriding behaviour and in a reduction of the formation of conical-shaped particles at the surface. The microstructure of the nitride layer isn’t depending on tested process conditions significantly. Surface and interface between layer and substrate are roughly in a scale of a few ten nanometers owing to sputtering effects. The main phase inside the layer is nanocrystalline AlN of the known hexagonal modification. In addition, some crystallites of remaining aluminium are present as a second phase. In contrast to nitrogen-implanted aluminium no preferred lattice orientation of the AlN phase was evident.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 17 (1995), S. 361-373 
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Australian-Antarctic discordance ; ridge jump ; asymmetric seafloor spreading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crenulated geometry of the Southeast Indian ridge within the Australian-Antarctic discordance is formed by numerous spreading ridge segments that are offset, alternately to the north and south, by transform faults. Suggested causes for these offsets, which largely developed since ~ 20 Ma, include asymmetric seafloor spreading, ridge jumps, and propagating rifts that have transferred seafloor from one flank of the spreading ridge to the other. Each of these processes has operated at different times in different locations of the discordance; here we document an instance where a small (~ 20 km), young (〈 0.2 Ma), southward ridge jump has contributed to the observed asymmetry. When aeromagnetic anomalies from the Project Investigator-1 survey are superposed on gravity anomalies computed from Geosat GM and ERM data, we find that in segment B4 of the discordance (between 125° and 126° E), the roughly east-west-trending gravity low, correlated with the axial valley, is 20–25 km south of the ridge axis position inferred from the center of magnetic anomaly 1. Elsewhere in the discordance, the inferred locations of the ridge axis from magnetics and gravity are in excellent agreement. Ship track data confirm these observations: portions of Moana Wave track crossing the ridge in B4 show that a topographic valley correlated with the gravity anomaly low lies south of the center of magnetic anomaly 1; while other ship track data that cross the spreading ridge in segments B3 and B5 demonstrate good agreement between the axial valley, the gravity anomaly low, and the central magnetic anomaly. Based on these observations, we speculate that the ridge axis in B4 has recently jumped to the south, from a ridge location closer to the center of the young normally magnetized crust, to that of the gravity anomaly low. The position of the gravity low essentially at the edge of normally magnetized crust requires a very recent (〈 0.2 Ma) arrival of the ridge in this new location. Because this ridge jump is so young, it may be a promising location for future detailed studies of the dynamics, kinematics, and thermal effects of ridge jumps.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 18 (1996), S. 595-595 
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two FUV Spectral imaging instruments, the Spectrographic Imager (SI) and the Geocorona Photometer (GEO) provide IMAGE with simultaneous global maps of the hydrogen (121.8 nm) and oxygen 135.6 nm components of the terrestrial aurora and with observations of the three dimensional distribution of neutral hydrogen in the magnetosphere (121.6 nm). The SI is a novel instrument type, in which spectral separation and imaging functions are independent of each other. In this instrument, two-dimensional images are produced on two detectors, and the images are spectrally filtered by a spectrograph part of the instrument. One of the two detectors images the Doppler-shifted Lyman-α while rejecting the geocoronal `cold’ Ly-α, and another detector images the OI 135.6 nm emission. The spectrograph is an all-reflective Wadsworth configuration in which a grill arrangement is used to block most of the cold, un-Doppler-shifted geocoronal emission at 121.567 nm. The SI calibration established that the upper limit of transmission at cold geocoronal Ly-α is less than 2%. The measured light collecting efficiency was 0.01 and 0.008 cm2 at 121.8 and at 135.6 nm, respectively. This is consistent with the size of the input aperture, the optical transmission, and the photocathode efficiency. The expected sensitivity is 1.8×10−2 and 1.3×10−2 counts per Rayleigh per pixel for each 5 s viewing exposure per satellite revolution (120 s). The measured spatial resolution is better than the 128×128 pixel matrix over the 15°×15° field of view in both wavelength channels. The SI detectors are photon counting devices using the cross delay line principle. In each detector a triple stack microchannel plate (MCP) amplifies the photo-electronic charge which is then deposited on a specially configured anode array. The position of the photon event is measured by digitizing the time delay between the pulses detected at each end of the anode structures. This scheme is intrinsically faster than systems that use charge division and it has a further advantage that it saturates more gradually at high count rates. The geocoronal Ly-α is measured by a three-channel photometer system (GEO) which is a separate instrument. Each photometer has a built in MgF2 lens to restrict the field of view to one degree and a ceramic electron multiplier with a KBr photocathode. One of the tubes is pointing radially outward perpendicular to the axis of satellite rotation. The optic of the other two subtend 60° with the rotation axis. These instruments take data continuously at 3 samples per second and rely on the combination of satellite rotation and orbital motion to scan the hydrogen cloud surrounding the earth. The detective efficiencies (effective quantum efficiency including windows) of the three tubes at Ly-α are between 6 and 10%.
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