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  • Springer Nature  (8)
  • American Meteorological Society  (5)
  • Springer  (4)
  • The Royal Society  (2)
  • 2010-2014  (8)
  • 2005-2009  (7)
  • 1990-1994  (4)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Carbon biogeochemistry and climate change (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 209-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): carbon biogeochemistry ; climate change ; carbon cycle ; atmospheric CO2 content
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The rapid increase of atmospheric CO2 resulting from anthropogenic activites has stimulated a great deal of interest in the carbon cycle. Important decisions need to be made about future tolerable levels of atmospheric CO2 content, as well as the land and fossil fuel use strategies that will permit us to achieve these goals. The vast amount of new data on atmospheric CO2 content and ancillary properties that has become available during the last decade, and the development of models to interpret these data, have led to significant advances in our capacity to deal with such issues. However, a major continuing source of uncertainty is the role of photosynthesis in providing a sink for anthropogenic emissions. It is thus appropriate that a new evaluation of the status of our understanding of this issue should be made at this time. The aim of this paper is to provide a setting for the papers that follow by giving an overview of the role of carbon dioxide in climate, the biogeochemical processes that control its distribution, and the evolution of carbon dioxide through time from the origin of the earth to the present. We begin with a discussion of relevant processes. We then proceed to a more detailed discussion of the time periods that are best documented: the late Pleistocene (during which time large continental ice sheets waxed and waned) and the modern era of anthropogenic impact on the carbon cycle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014585
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potential of marine macroalgae as a sink for CO2: Constraints from a 3-D general circulation model of the global ocean (1992)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 64 (1992), S. 405-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract A 3-D global ocean model used previously to determine natural oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is used here to evaluate another proposed strategy for mitigation of rising atmospheric CO2. As a reference, this study bases itself on previous efforts with the same model to evaluate the potential of Fe fertilization as a means to enhance oceanic CO2 uptake. From that base, we test the feasibility of slowing the rise in atmospheric CO2 by enhancing growth of seaweed, a proposal resurrected from previous efforts considering it as a means to grow marine biomass as fuel for energy production. To determine its maximum potential, logistical and financial constraints are ignored. An enhanced growth of 1 GT C yr−1 is prescribed to be evenly distributed over a large ocean area such as the equatorial band from 18°S to 18°N and the northern and southern subtropics from 18° to 49° latitude. Results from these simulations clearly demonstrate that the CO2 invasion from the atmosphere is substantially less than C removed from the surface via enhanced growth. When enhanced growth is supported only by naturally available nutrients, the enhancement to the air to sea CO2 flux averages 0.2 GT C yr−1 for the first 100 yr. When nutrients are supplied artificially to support the enhanced growth, the mean enhanced air to sea flux is more (for the first 100 yr it averages 0.72 GT C yr−1 when all enhanced growth is harvested but only 0.44 GT C yr−1 without harvesting); however, generating enhanced marine growth at 1 GT C yr−1 requires an unreasonably large supply of nutrient—close to the world's current rate of fertilizer production for P and substantially more than that for N. Less nutrient is needed if the enhanced algal growth is not harvested and thus respired, but respiration increases demand for oxygen so that significant anoxia develops. We conclude that growth of macroalgae is an inefficient mechanism for sequestering anthropogenic CO2 and that the use of macroalgae as an additional fuel source will actually result in a net transfer of CO2 from ocean to atmosphere; however, there would be a reduction in the atmospheric CO2 increase rate if macroalgae were used as a partial replacement for fossil fuel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477113
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  • 3
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    Potential of marine macroalgae as a sink for CO2: Constraints from a 3-D general circulation model of the global ocean (1992)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1992-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0049-6979
    Digitale ISSN: 1573-2932
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer
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  • 4
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    Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity (2006)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms (2005)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Climate Variability and Radiocarbon in the CM2Mc Earth System Model (2011)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-15
    Beschreibung: The distribution of radiocarbon (14C) in the ocean and atmosphere has fluctuated on time scales ranging from seasons to millennia. It is thought that these fluctuations partly reflect variability in the climate system, offering a rich potential source of information to help understand mechanisms of past climate change. Here, a long simulation with a new, coupled model is used to explore the mechanisms that redistribute 14C within the earth system on interannual to centennial time scales. The model, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2 (GFDL CM2) with Modular Ocean Model version 4p1(MOM4p1) at coarse-resolution (CM2Mc), is a lower-resolution version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s CM2M model, uses no flux adjustments, and is run here with a simple prognostic ocean biogeochemistry model including 14C. The atmospheric 14C and radiative boundary conditions are held constant so that the oceanic distribution of 14C is only a function of internal climate variability. The simulation displays previously described relationships between tropical sea surface 14C and the model equivalents of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Indonesian Throughflow. Sea surface 14C variability also arises from fluctuations in the circulations of the subarctic Pacific and Southern Ocean, including North Pacific decadal variability and episodic ventilation events in the Weddell Sea that are reminiscent of the Weddell Polynya of 1974–76. Interannual variability in the air–sea balance of 14C is dominated by exchange within the belt of intense “Southern Westerly” winds, rather than at the convective locations where the surface 14C is most variable. Despite significant interannual variability, the simulated impact on air–sea exchange is an order of magnitude smaller than the recorded atmospheric 14C variability of the past millennium. This result partly reflects the importance of variability in the production rate of 14C in determining atmospheric 14C but may also reflect an underestimate of natural climate variability, particularly in the Southern Westerly winds.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Digitale ISSN: 1520-0442
    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von American Meteorological Society
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  • 7
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    Connecting Changing Ocean Circulation with Changing Climate (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-04-01
    Beschreibung: The influence of changing ocean currents on climate change is evaluated by comparing an earth system model’s response to increased CO2 with and without an ocean circulation response. Inhibiting the ocean circulation response, by specifying a seasonally varying preindustrial climatology of currents, has a much larger influence on the heat storage pattern than on the carbon storage pattern. The heat storage pattern without circulation changes resembles carbon storage (either with or without circulation changes) more than it resembles the heat storage when currents are allowed to respond. This is shown to be due to the larger magnitude of the redistribution transport—the change in transport due to circulation anomalies acting on control climate gradients—for heat than for carbon. The net ocean heat and carbon uptake are slightly reduced when currents are allowed to respond. Hence, ocean circulation changes potentially act to warm the surface climate. However, the impact of the reduced carbon uptake on radiative forcing is estimated to be small while the redistribution heat transport shifts ocean heat uptake from low to high latitudes, increasing its cooling power. Consequently, global surface warming is significantly reduced by circulation changes. Circulation changes also shift the pattern of warming from broad Northern Hemisphere amplification to a more structured pattern with reduced warming at subpolar latitudes in both hemispheres and enhanced warming near the equator.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Digitale ISSN: 1520-0442
    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von American Meteorological Society
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  • 8
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    Response of the Ocean Natural Carbon Storage to Projected Twenty-First-Century Climate Change (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-24
    Beschreibung: The separate impacts of wind stress, buoyancy fluxes, and CO2 solubility on the oceanic storage of natural carbon are assessed in an ensemble of twentieth- to twenty-first-century simulations, using a coupled atmosphere–ocean–carbon cycle model. Time-varying perturbations for surface wind stress, temperature, and salinity are calculated from the difference between climate change and preindustrial control simulations, and are imposed on the ocean in separate simulations. The response of the natural carbon storage to each perturbation is assessed with novel prognostic biogeochemical tracers, which can explicitly decompose dissolved inorganic carbon into biological, preformed, equilibrium, and disequilibrium components. Strong responses of these components to changes in buoyancy and winds are seen at high latitudes, reflecting the critical role of intermediate and deep waters. Overall, circulation-driven changes in carbon storage are mainly due to changes in buoyancy fluxes, with wind-driven changes playing an opposite but smaller role. Results suggest that climate-driven perturbations to the ocean natural carbon cycle will contribute 20 Pg C to the reduction of the ocean accumulated total carbon uptake over the period 1860–2100. This reflects a strong compensation between a buildup of remineralized organic matter associated with reduced deep-water formation (+96 Pg C) and a decrease of preformed carbon (−116 Pg C). The latter is due to a warming-induced decrease in CO2 solubility (−52 Pg C) and a circulation-induced decrease in disequilibrium carbon storage (−64 Pg C). Climate change gives rise to a large spatial redistribution of ocean carbon, with increasing concentrations at high latitudes and stronger vertical gradients at low latitudes.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Digitale ISSN: 1520-0442
    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Water Mass Exchange in the Southern Ocean in Coupled Climate Models (2011)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-09-01
    Beschreibung: The authors estimate water mass transformation rates resulting from surface buoyancy fluxes and interior diapycnal fluxes in the region south of 30°S in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) model-based state estimation and three free-running coupled climate models. The meridional transport of deep and intermediate waters across 30°S agrees well between models and observationally based estimates in the Atlantic Ocean but not in the Indian and Pacific, where the model-based estimates are much smaller. Associated with this, in the models about half the southward-flowing deep water is converted into lighter waters and half is converted to denser bottom waters, whereas the observationally based estimates convert most of the inflowing deep water to bottom waters. In the models, both Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are formed primarily via an interior diapycnal transformation rather than being transformed at the surface via heat or freshwater fluxes. Given the small vertical diffusivity specified in the models in this region, the authors conclude that other processes such as cabbeling and thermobaricity must be playing an important role in water mass transformation. Finally, in the models, the largest contribution of the surface buoyancy fluxes in the Southern Ocean is to convert Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) and AAIW into lighter Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW).
    Print ISSN: 0022-3670
    Digitale ISSN: 1520-0485
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von American Meteorological Society
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  • 10
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    Role of the Seasonal Cycle in the Subduction Rates of Upper–Southern Ocean Waters (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-06-01
    Beschreibung: A kinematic approach is used to diagnose the subduction rates of upper–Southern Ocean waters across seasonally migrating density outcrops at the base of the mixed layer. From an Eulerian viewpoint, the term representing the temporal change in the mixed layer depth (which is labeled as the temporal induction in this study; i.e., Stemp = ∂h/∂t where h is the mixed layer thickness, and t is time) vanishes over several annual cycles. Following seasonally migrating density outcrops, however, the temporal induction is attributed partly to the temporal change in the mixed layer thickness averaged over a density outcrop following its seasonally varying position and partly to the lateral movement of the outcrop position intersecting the sloping mixed layer base. Neither the temporal induction following an outcrop nor its integral over the outcrop area vanishes over several annual cycles. Instead, the seasonal eddy subduction, which arises primarily because of the subannual correlations between the seasonal cycles of the mixed layer depth and the outcrop area, explains the key mechanism by which mode waters are transferred from the mixed layer to the underlying pycnocline. The time-mean exchange rate of waters across the base of the mixed layer is substantially different from the exchange rate of waters across the fixed winter mixed layer base in mode water density classes. Nearly 40% of the newly formed Southern Ocean mode waters appear to be diapycnally transformed within the seasonal pycnocline before either being subducted into the main pycnocline or entrained back to the mixed layer through lighter density classes.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3670
    Digitale ISSN: 1520-0485
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von American Meteorological Society
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