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  • 1
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    BSD2 is a Rubisco‐specific assembly chaperone, forms intermediary hetero‐oligomeric complexes, and is nonlimiting to growth in tobacco (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract The folding and assembly of Rubisco large and small subunits into L8S8 holoenzyme in chloroplasts involves many auxiliary factors, including the chaperone BSD2. Here we identify apparent intermediary Rubisco‐BSD2 assembly complexes in the model C3 plant tobacco. We show BSD2 and Rubisco content decrease in tandem with leaf age with approximately half of the BSD2 in young leaves (~70 nmol BSD2 protomer.m2) stably integrated in putative intermediary Rubisco complexes that account for 〈0.2% of the L8S8 pool. RNAi‐silencing BSD2 production in transplastomic tobacco producing bacterial L2 Rubisco had no effect on leaf photosynthesis, cell ultrastructure, or plant growth. Genetic crossing the same RNAi‐bsd2 alleles into wild‐type tobacco however impaired L8S8 Rubisco production and plant growth, indicating the only critical function of BSD2 is in Rubisco biogenesis. Agrobacterium mediated transient expression of tobacco, Arabidopsis, or maize BSD2 reinstated Rubisco biogenesis in BSD2‐silenced tobacco. Overexpressing BSD2 in tobacco chloroplasts however did not alter Rubisco content, activation status, leaf photosynthesis rate, or plant growth in the field or in the glasshouse at 20°C or 35°C. Our findings indicate BSD2 functions exclusively in Rubisco biogenesis, can efficiently facilitate heterologous plant Rubisco assembly, and is produced in amounts nonlimiting to tobacco growth.
    Print ISSN: 0140-7791
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3040
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Precocity in a tiny titanosaur from the Cretaceous of Madagascar (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: Sauropod dinosaurs exhibit the largest ontogenetic size range among terrestrial vertebrates, but a dearth of very young individuals has hindered understanding of the beginning of their growth trajectory. A new specimen of Rapetosaurus krausei sheds light on early life in the smallest stage of one of the largest dinosaurs. Bones record rapid growth rates and hatching lines, indicating that this individual weighed ~3.4 kilograms at hatching. Just several weeks later, when it likely succumbed to starvation in a drought-stressed ecosystem, it had reached a mass of ~40 kilograms and was ~35 centimeters tall at the hip. Unexpectedly, Rapetosaurus limb bones grew isometrically throughout their development. Cortical remodeling, limb isometry, and thin calcified hypertrophic metaphyseal cartilages indicate an active, precocial growth strategy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Curry Rogers, Kristina -- Whitney, Megan -- D'Emic, Michael -- Bagley, Brian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 22;352(6284):450-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf1509. Epub 2016 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology and Geology Departments, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA. rogersk@macalester.edu. ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185-1800, USA. ; Biology Department, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530-0701, USA. ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-1333, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27102482" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Weight ; *Bone Development ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Cartilage/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Extremities/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Madagascar ; Starvation/veterinary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Organic carbon patterns and budgets in the Long Island Sound estuary (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-25
    Description: A multi-year observational time series was evaluated across the 150 km central axis of the U.S. east coast's Long Island Sound (LIS) estuary, in three distinct regions. Fluxes were calculated at the boundaries of the regions using observations coupled to a hydrodynamic model and applied to a mass balance to assess organic carbon (OC) export from LIS. For all years, during stratified summer periods, LIS was a net exporter of OC to the continental shelf. LIS annual net carbon export however, varied with river flow. The heterotrophic or autotrophic nature of LIS also shifted inter-annually. During the mass balance analysis period (2009–2012), LIS ranged between net OC import from the continental shelf and heterotrophy in the lowest river flow year (2012) and net export of OC and autotrophy in the highest flow year (2011). Analysis suggests that LIS switches from net OC import to export when the annual river inputs exceed 19 km 3 yr −1 . Applying these thresholds to the annual river flow record suggests that net import occurred in 15% of the last 20 years and that LIS usually is a net exporter of OC (85%). Annually averaged LIS carbon export values based on river flow conditions over the last 20 yr are estimated at 56 ± 64 × 10 6 kg yr −1 . Analysis also suggests that LIS shifts from net heterotrophic to net autotrophic when annual river flow exceeds 26 km 3 yr −1 (35% of the last 20 yr). Net heterotrophic conditions are most common, representing 65% of the last 20 yr.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 4
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    Summertime Connecticut River Water Pathways and Wind Impacts (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Long Island Sound is a large macrotidal estuary. Connecticut River as the primary freshwater source enters near the sound's mouth. The summertime pathways of river water under low discharge and mild wind conditions are studied through both, numerical simulations with a passive dye pulse and field surface drifter observations. Within the 19‐day modeling analysis period a third of the river dye pulse remains in the eastern sound; another third of the pulse moves up‐estuary with the near‐bottom dense inflow into the central and western sound with a spring‐neap tidal modulation; and another third leaves the sound with the near‐surface outflow towards the continental shelf through Block Island Sound. The latter pathway is confirmed by field surface drifter tracks. Three scenarios of wind forcing are tested: a WRF‐ROMS Coupled case, a NARR data forcing case, and a No‐Wind case. The results show though the sound is tidal mixing dominated, mild winds still alter the position and strength of the estuarine exchange flow, either enhances by the cross‐estuary winds or lateral straining. On the shelf, winds play a more important role on the fresher estuarine water distribution. The sensitivities of circulation, salinity, and numerical drifter tracks to different atmospheric forcings also are studied. The results suggest that the coupled model has better performance to simulate surface drifter tracks.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Increasing Ca2+ in photoreceptor mitochondria alters metabolites, accelerates photoresponse recovery, and reveals adaptations to mitochondrial stress (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Print ISSN: 1350-9047
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-5403
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Deformation in the mantle wedge associated with Laramide flat-slab subduction (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-18
    Description: Laramide crustal deformation in the Rocky Mountains of the west-central United States is often considered to relate to a narrow segment of shallow subduction of the Farallon slab, but there is no consensus as to how deformation along the slab–mantle lithosphere interface was accommodated. Here we investigate deformation in mantle rocks associated with hydration and shear above the flat slab at its contact with the base of the North American plate. The rocks we focus on are deformed, hydrated, ultramafic inclusions hosted within diatremes of the Navajo Volcanic Field in the central Colorado Plateau that erupted during the waning stages of the Laramide orogeny. We document a range of deformation textures, including granular peridotites, porphyroclastic peridotites, mylonites, and cataclasites, which we interpret to reflect different proximities to a slab–mantle-interface shear zone. Mineral assemblages and chemistries constrain deformation to hydrous conditions in the temperature range ∼550-750°C. Despite the presence of hydrous phyllosilicates in modal percentages of up to 30%, deformation was dominated by dislocation creep in olivine. The mylonites exhibit an uncommon lattice preferred orientation (LPO) in olivine, known as B-type LPO in which the a-axes are aligned perpendicular to the flow direction. The low temperature, hydrated setting in which these fabrics formed are consistent with laboratory experiments that indicate B-type LPOs form under conditions of high stress and high water contents; furthermore, the mantle wedge context of these LPOs is consistent with observations of trench-parallel anisotropy in the mantle wedge above many modern subduction zones. Differential stress magnitudes in the mylonitic rocks estimated using paleopiezometry range from 290 and 444 MPa, and calculated effective viscosities using a wet olivine flow law are on the order of 10 19 -10 23 Pa s. The high stress magnitudes, high effective viscosities and high strains recorded in these rocks are consistent with models that invoke significant basal shear tractions as contributing to Laramide uplift and contraction in the continental interior. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Relationships between olivine CPO and deformation parameters in naturally deformed rocks and implications for mantle seismic anisotropy (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract We analyze peridotites from a wide range of tectonic settings to investigate relationships between olivine crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and deformation conditions in naturally deformed rocks. These samples preserve the five olivine CPO types (A through E‐type) that rock deformation experiments have suggested are controlled by water content, temperature, stress magnitude, and pressure. The naturally deformed specimens newly investigated here (65 samples) and compiled from an extensive literature review (445 samples) reveal that these factors may matter less than deformation history and/or geometry. Some trends support those predicted by experimentally determined parametric dependence, but several observations disagree — namely that all CPO types are able to form at very low water contents and stresses, and that there is no clear relationship between water content and CPO type. This implies that at the low stresses typical of deformation in the mantle, CPO type more commonly varies as a function of strain geometry. Because olivine CPO is primarily responsible for seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle, the results of this study have several implications. These include (1) the many olivine CPO types recorded in samples from individual localities may explain some of the complex seismic anisotropy patterns observed in the continental mantle, and (2) B‐type CPO – where olivine's “fast axes" align perpendicular to flow direction – occurs under many more conditions than traditionally thought. This study highlights the need for more experiments, and the difficulty in using olivine CPO in naturally‐deformed peridotites to infer deformation conditions.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Measuring the attenuation length of water in the CHIPS-M water Cherenkov detector (2017)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0168-9002
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-9576
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
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    Great Basin Mantle Xenoliths Record Active Lithospheric Downwelling Beneath Central Nevada (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Removal of mantle lithosphere by Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instabilities is invoked to explain the formation of high plateaus and mountain ranges. Here we report geochemical and microstructural observations from mantle xenoliths from Lunar Crater volcanic field, central Nevada, which we interpret to directly sample a R‐T instability beneath the Basin and Range. The xenoliths comprise a suite of mylonitic and granular peridotites with fertile and refractory major and trace element compositions, suggesting a mantle lithospheric origin. Temperatures calculated using several geothermometers are 1,200–1,300 °C, in contrast to xenoliths from other localities in the Basin and Range (typically ~1,000 °C). High Lunar Crater temperatures suggest the xenoliths originate from the base of the mantle lithosphere. The mylonitic peridotites exhibit olivine deformation microstructures characteristic of deformation in the dislocation creep regime; orthopyroxenes experienced brittle deformation. Recrystallized grain sizes (~80 μm) suggest the mylonites deformed at ~50 MPa. Recrystallized olivines demonstrate isochemical deformation, suggesting the ~50‐MPa differential stresses were achieved at ~1,200 °C, implying strain rates of 2 × 10−9 to 4 × 10−7/s, and corresponding to effective viscosities of 8.9 × 1013 to 1.4 × 1016 Pa/s. The most plausible mechanism for producing such conditions in the deep lithosphere beneath central Nevada is extreme strain localization within an actively deforming R‐T instability. The most highly strained samples have relatively low effective viscosities, suggesting that strain is preferentially partitioned into weaker rocks within the deforming lithosphere. This study highlights the importance of strain localization and associated weakening as mechanisms for facilitating lithospheric R‐T instabilities.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Early Miocene subduction in the western Mediterranean: Constraints from Rb-Sr multimineral isochron geochronology (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-02
    Description: The Betic Cordillera of southern Spain is a complex orogen formed in the context of convergence between Africa and Iberia from the Mesozoic to the present. The internal zone of the orogen includes three tectonic complexes, two of which have been subducted to high pressure conditions, then exhumed back to the surface during subsequent extension. Subduction in the structurally lower complex, known as the Nevado-Filabride Complex (NFC), has been a topic of debate for several years due to conflicting geochronological data. Here we use multi-mineral isochron 87 Rb/ 86 Sr dating on carefully selected mineral samples from high pressure metamorphic rocks in the NFC to better constrain the timing of high pressure metamorphism and subduction in the region. Out of five samples analyzed, statistically valid multi-mineral isochrons were obtained for one eclogite and two schists, yielding ages of 20.1+/-1.1 Ma, 16.0+/-0.3 Ma, and 13.3+/-1.3 Ma, respectively. Despite that the other two eclogite samples appeared to preserve prograde mineral assemblages, low 87 Rb/ 86 Sr ratios in white mica precluded precise age calculations. These new ages are in close agreement with previously published Lu-Hf ages on garnet and U-Pb ages on metamorphic zircon overgrowths for the same rocks, but are substantially younger than published data from the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar technique. Combined with recently published tomographic images of slab structure beneath the Alboran Sea, the new ages support a tectonic model in which subduction occurred both prior to the Miocene and during the early to mid-Miocene, but that it was punctuated in time by a pulse of extensional exhumation in the early Miocene associated with lithospheric delamination and/or slab tearing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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