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  • maize  (34)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (32)
  • biological control  (28)
  • Springer  (94)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (94)
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phenolic acids ; resistance ; susceptibility ; maize ; maize weevil ; Sitophilus zeamais ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The (E)-ferulic acid content of the grain of nine populations of land races of maize derived from CIMMYT's collections was found to be negatively correlated to susceptibility characteristics towards the maize weevilSitophilus zeamais. Correlation coefficients for six susceptibility parameters and (E)-ferulic acid content were significant and ranged from −0.58 to −0.79. A multiple regression analysis by the SAS forward procedure using the primary seed characteristics associated with susceptibility indicated that the ferulic acid content was the only significant factor in explaining variation in at least two susceptibility parameters: the Dobie index and adult preference. In 15 CIMMYT pools, correlations between four susceptibility parameters and (E)-ferulic acid content were also significant (−0.76 to −0.81). The results suggest that phenolic acid content is a leading indicator of grain resistance or susceptibility to insects and may represent a newly identified mechanism of resistance.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insecta ; Richogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; biological control ; inundative release ; Insecte ; Trichogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; lutte biologique ; lâcher inondatif
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous évaluons combien deTrichogramma nubilale devraient être lâchés en une seule localité pour lutter contreOstrinia nubilalis dans le maïs doux. Six parcelles de 8,6×16 m recevaient de 18,4 à 2 090 femelles deT. nubilale/unité de surface, quand les pieds étaient au milieu du stade du dernier verticille, où l'unité de surface, est la surface du plant/m2. Pour évaluer le contrôle potentiel de nos lâchers, nous exposons les ooplaques d'O. nubilalis élevés au laboratoire aux parasitoïdes lâchés en quatre fois après le lâcher. Quand une ooplaque était parasitée parT. nubilale, 75,7% des œufs de l'ooplaque étaient parasités. Nous développons des équations pour estimer le pourcentage d'ooplaques qu'une seule femelle s'attendait à parasiter en une journée (efficacité du parasitisme) et les taux de disparition de femelle (mort et dispersion) si tous deux étaient constants durant notre expérience. Le taux exponentiel de disparition était −0,52±0,03 jour−1, ce qui impliquait que 40% des femelles restantes disparaissaient par jour. L'efficacité du parasitisme était 0,050% parasitisme/femelle/unité de surface/jour, ce qui impliquait que 351 000 femelles/ha seraient nécessaires pour atteindre 90% de parasitisme. En clair, pour queT. nubilale soit un agent de lutte biologique assuré de succès, il faut accroître l'efficacité du parasitisme et réduire les taux de disparition.
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated how manyTrichogramma nubilale should be released at a single location to controlOstrinia nubilalis in sweet corn. Six 8.6×16 m plots received 18.4 to 2 090 ΦΦT. nubilale/SAI when plants were in the mid to late whorl stage, where SAI, surface area index, is the plant surface area/m2. To evaluate the potential control by our releases, we exposed laboratory-rearedO. nubilalis egg masses to the released parasitoids at 4 times after the release. When an egg mass was parasitized byT. nubilale, 75.7% of the eggs in the egg mass were parasitized. We developed an equation to estimate the percent of egg masses that a single female was expected to parasitize in a day (efficiency of parasitism) and female disappearance (death and dispersal) rates, if both were constant during our experiment. The exponential disappearance rate was −0.52±0.03 day−1, which implied that 40% of the remaining ΦΦ disappeared per day. The efficiency of parasitism was 0.050% parasitism/Φ/SAI/day, which implied that at least 351,000 ΦΦ/ha would be needed to achieve 90% parasitism. Clearly, forT. nubilale to be a successful biological control agent, efficiency of parasitism must be increased and disappearance rates must be reduced.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata ; beneficial arthropods ; dispersal ; predation ; biological control ; arthropodes utiles ; dissémination ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] est un prédateur et un parasite courants de la mouche des racines [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] dans les cultures commerciales et les jardins potagers. Pour évaluer l'activité de dissémination deA. bilineata dans les jardins potagers, on a lâché des coléoptères marqués à raison de 0 et de 1000 en 1987, et de 0, 250, 500, et 1000/jardin potager/semaine en 1988. Trois pour cent des coléoptères ainsi marqués ont été recapturés dans les jardins potagers d'origine. Les populations naturelles deA. bilineata sont très faibles dans tous les jardins potagers et on ne constate aucune augmentation décelable de 1987 à 1988. Les recaptures sont proportionnelles aux taux de lâchers. On n'observe aucune différence significative dans les taux de recapture entre les sexes. Les recaptures et les distributions non uniformes deA. bilineata marqués dans les jardins potagers révèlent qu'ils ont pu voler au moins à 5 km de distance dans les conditions urbaines et choisir certains jardins plutôt que d'autres comme emplacements propices à l'accouplement, la quête de nourriture et l'oviposition.
    Notes: Abstract Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] is a common predator and endoparasite of root maggot [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] in both commercial crops and home gardens. To test dispersal activity ofA. bilineata in home gardens, marked beetles were released at rates of 0 and 1,000 in 1987 and 0, 250, 500, and 1,000/gardens/wk in 1988. Three percent of marked beetles were recaptured in release gardens. NaturalA. bilineata populations were very small in all gardens, and there was no detectable increase from 1987 to 1988. Recaptures were proportional to release rates. There was no significant difference in recapture rates between sexes. Recaptures and non-uniform distributions of markedA. bilineata in control gardens revealed that they were capable of flying at least 5 km under urban conditions, and of selecting particular gardens as suitable mating, foraging, and oviposition sites.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; water lettuce ; host specificity ; lutte biologique ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; laitue d'eau ; spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Neohydronomus affinis a été introduit en Australie comme agent de lutte biologique potentiel contre la laitue d'eau,Pistia stratiotes. Les études en quarantaine ont démontré que ce coléopètre était spécifique deP. stratiotes et il a été libéré dans les champs en 1982. En conséquence, il a été lâché comme agent de lutte contre cette mauvaise herbe dans plusieurs autres pays. En AustralieN. affinis réduit les infestations deP. stratiotes de 40% ou plus en l'espace de 12 à 18 mois. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction de son efficacité dans d'autres parties du monde. Nous concluons queN. affinis contrôle effectivementP. stratiotes dans les régions tropicales (à la latitude 22°), mais dans les régions plus froides son efficacité fluctue avec les conditions saisonnières.
    Notes: Abstract Neohydronomus affinis was imported into Australia as a potential biological control agent for the floating aquatic weedPistia stratiotes. Quarantine studies demonstrated that this weevil was host specific toP. stratiotes and it was released into the field in 1982. Subsequently it was released as a control agent for this weed in several other countries. In AustraliaN. affinis reduced infestations ofP. stratiotes by 40% or more within 12–18 months. The results are discussed in relation to its effectiveness in other parts of the world. We concluded thatN. affinis effectively controlsP. stratiotes in tropical regions (to lat. 22°), but in cooler regions its effectiveness fluctuates with seasonal conditions.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: temperature requirements ; Aphelinus asychis ; Aphidius matricariae ; Diaeretiella rapae ; Diuraphis noxia ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of six constant temperatures (7.2, 10.0, 15.5, 21.1, 26.6, and 29.4°C) on developmental rates and developmental times in four parasites ofDiuraphis noxia (Mordwilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae):Aphelinus asychis Walker from Chile,A. asychis W. from France,Aphidius matricariae Haliday from Iraq, andDiaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) from Pakistan. Differences were not detected in developmental time between sexes inD. rapae at any of the temperatures tested. Males developed faster than females inA. matricariae at 10 and 21.1°C,A. asychis Chile at 15.5 and 29.4°C, andA. asychis France at 10, 15.5, and 21.1°C (P〈0.05). Developmental thresholds (t), and times-to-adult in degreedays (K) of the four parasites are: 7.1°C and 248.8 forA. asychis Chile, 6.4°C and 246.7 forA. asychis France, 1.4°C and 311.4 forA. matricariae, and 2.1°C and 293.4 forD. rapae, respectively. Based on the predicted accumulation of degree-days and number of generations per year for the four parasites at three climatically distinct localities in California, we concluded that the parasite with the lowest developmental threshold (A. matricariae) may complete ca. 4.5, 3.6, and 2.1 more generations than the parasite with the highest developmental threshold (A. asychis from Chile) at the coldest, intermediate, and warmest localities, respectively. It was suggested that parasites with lower developmental thresholds, despite their generally greater time-to-adult, will have greater population densities following the winter season than parasites with higher developmental thresholds, they may appear earlier and thus have greater potential as effective biological control agents especially in annual crops such as small grains. When attempting to introduce parasites for biological control of a target host the developmental thresholds of both the parasite and the host should be considered in conjunction with other attributes such as searching efficiency, fecundity, host preference, and others.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encyrtidae ; Metaphycus stanleyi ; Protopulvinaria pyriformis ; parasitoid egg encapsulation ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Encapsulation of eggs of the introduced parasitoid Metaphycus stanleyi Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Coccidae) under both greenhouse and field conditions, at Bet Dagan, was found to occur almost all year round (1986–1988). However, encapsulation rates varied considerably during the different seasons and were correlated with the ambient temperatures. The rates of efficient encapsulation (i) in scales infesting Hedera helix and Schefflera arboricola under greenhouse conditions, were lowest during December to May (6–17%) and highest during July to September (78–100%); (ii) in scales infesting avocado in the orchard, were lowest during October to May (0–11%) and highest during June to August (54–57%). Under greenhouse conditions, encapsulation rates did not differ in scales grown on H. helix and on S. arboricola, but were significantly lower in scales grown on avocado. Encapsulation by scales infesting S. arboricola was more frequent at temperatures ranging from 20–28 °C, than from 7–23 °C. The increased resistance by encapsulation of P. pyriformis to successful parasitization by M. stanleyi during the summer, may account for the inability of the parasitoid to prevent the autumn and winter outbreaks of the pest.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 471-490 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoids ; foraging behavior ; learning ; experience ; variability ; model ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important factor inducing variability in foraging behavior in parasitic wasps is experience gained by the insect. Together with the insect's genetic constitution and physiological state, experience ultimately defines the behavioral repertoire under specified environmental circumstances. We present a conceptual variable-response model based on several major observations of a foraging parasitoid's responses to stimuli involved in the hostfinding process. These major observations are that (1) different stimuli evoke different responses or levels of response, (2) strong responses are less variable than weak ones, (3) learning can change response levels, (4) learning increases originally low responses more than originally high responses, and (5) hostderived stimuli serve as rewards in associative learning of other stimuli. The model specifies how the intrinsic variability of a response will depend on the magnitude of the response and predicts when and how learning will modify the insect's behavior. Additional hypotheses related to the model concern how experience with a stimulus modifies behavioral responses to other stimuli, how animals respond in multistimulus situations, which stimuli act to reinforce behavioral responses to other stimuli in the learning process, and finally, how generalist and specialist species differ in their behavioral plasticity. We postulate that insight into behavioral variability in the foraging behavior of natural enemies may be a help, if not a prerequisite, for the efficient application of parasitoids in pest management.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Parasitic hymenoptera ; biological control ; aphid pests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As an integral part of a programme to attempt the biological control of several crop-infesting aphid pests in Australia by the introduction of specific hymenopterous parasites, a laboratory technique to try to predict their likely effectiveness in the field, was developed with the aim of improving selection of natural enemies in future. It was based on demonstrating whether the parasites attack a greater proportion of their hosts with increased host density, i.e. whether they show a Type 3 functional response (Holling, 1959). To overcome the problem of super-parasitisation at low densities when a parasite is confined with aphids on one plant (van Lenteren & Bakker, 1976) we used several plants in a large cage, all with the same density of host aphids. A parasite released into such a cage searches for and attacks the aphids on one plant, then leaves it to repeat the process on a second plant, and so on. After a standard exposure time the parasitisation rate is estimated separately for the aphids on each plant and the average performance of the parasite calculated. Using this technique for seven parasites introduced into Australia for biological control of crop aphids, only one, Aphidius salicis Halliday, attacking carrot aphid showed a Type 3 response.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Predators ; rearing methods ; biological control ; Ips grandicollis ; Thanasimus dubius ; Temnochila virescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rearing methods for two coleopterous predators,Thanasimus dubius andTemnochila virescens, imported into Australia for the biological control ofIps grandicollis, were developed. Bionomic data obtained from laboratory rearings between 1982–1987 showed thatT. dubius eggs took about 7 days to hatch and that duration of the larval stage was about 42 days. Observations showed thatT. dubius had a prolonged prepupal stage (x=56.4 days, range 14–274 days), which was probably non-diapausal in nature. Mean adult longevity was 50 days (range 1–358 days).Temnochila virescens eggs took almost 9 days to hatch, and a lengthy larval stage (x=155.4 days, range 73–333 days) was observed. Mean duration of the pupal stage was 14 days (range 7–28 days). A long preoviposition period (x=141 days, range 47–206 days) was observed, and adults were very long-lived (x=232.7 days, range 14–667 days). Capacity for increase (rc) calculated from rearing data suggested that numbers ofT. dubius could be increased faster thanT. virescens. Mortality between 1982–1987 averaged about 70% for both species. However, mortality ofT. dubius in 1987 increased significantly, suggesting that inbreeding or other methodological factors could be responsible. A mass-rearing method usingIps-infested pine billets was developed as a cheaper alternative to laboratory rearing, and was shown to be effective in producing large numbers of insects for release.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1991), S. 39-50 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Photoreception ; Retinally degenerate ; Mouse ; Circadian ; Rods ; Cones ; 11-cis retinaldehyde ; Immunocytochemistry ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined the effects of light on circadian locomotor rhythms in retinally degenerate mice (C57BL/6J mice homozygous for the rd allele: rd/rd). The sensitivity of circadian photoreception in these mice was determined by varying the irradiance of a 15 min light pulse (515 nm) given at circadian time 16 and meauring the magnitude of the phase shift of the locomotor rhythm. Experiments were performed on animals 80 days of age. Despite the loss of visual photoreceptors in the rd/rd retina, animals showed circadian responses to light that were indistinguishable from mice with normal retinas (rd/+ and +/+). While no photoreceptor outersegments were identified in the retina of rd/rd animals (80–100 days of age), we did identify a small number of perikarya that were immunoreactive for cone opsins, and even fewer cells that contained rod opsin. Using HPLC, we demonstrated the presence and photoisomerization of the rhodopsin chromophore 11-cis retinaldehyde. The rd/rd retinas contained about 2% of 11-cis retinaldehyde found in +/+ retinas. We have yet to determine whether the opsin immunoreactive perikarya or some other unidentified cell type mediate circadian light detection in the rd/rd retina.
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