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  • Springer  (124)
  • American Geophysical Union  (24)
  • Geological Society of America (GSA)
  • 2015-2019  (54)
  • 1995-1999  (98)
  • 1950-1954  (2)
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Keywords
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Year
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Storm Water Outfalls Adjacent to Urban Areas and Petroleum Refineries in San Francisco Bay, California (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1999), S. 290-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in storm water collected from 15 outfalls in San Francisco Bay, California, considered representative of areas located adjacent to petroleum refineries and mixed urban/commercial/residential land uses. Storm water sampling was conducted hourly over a 12-h period at two outfalls located near the city of Oakland and the suburban community of Benicia, which represent urban and mixed urban/light industrial land uses, respectively. Sampling was conducted hourly to determine temporal changes in the concentrations and distributions of PCDD/Fs during the first major rainstorm event of the 1995/96 winter season. In addition, storm water sampling was conducted in December 1995 and February/April 1996 at six publicly owned treatment work (POTW) outfalls located adjacent to developed, undeveloped, mixed residential/commercial, and industrial lands. Storm water sampling also was conducted at five outfalls located adjacent to petroleum refineries. The sampling results were used to examine changes in PCDD/F loadings to San Francisco Bay at the onset and midway through the winter rainy season and to characterize differences in PCDD/F concentrations, if any, between refinery and nonrefinery areas. The concentrations of tetra- through octa-chlorinated homologues and 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners were assayed in filtered storm water samples according to US EPA Method 1613A. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used as an exploratory technique to examine the similarities and differences in the distributions of PCDD/Fs in storm water from different outfalls. The sampling results showed few significant differences between storm water discharged from outfalls located in mixed urban/commercial/residential areas and outfalls located adjacent to petroleum refineries. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were below the analytical limits of detection in all storm water samples, with the exception of samples collected after the sixth hour of sampling at the Oakland outfall. Fingerprint patterns were generally dominated by the higher chlorinated PCDD/F congeners including OCDD, OCDF, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD. Total TEQs were generally below US EPA ambient water quality criteria and aquatic ecotoxicology guideline values. The results of this study strongly suggest that discrete sampling of storm water outfalls is insufficient to characterize the concentrations and distributions of persistent hydrophobic contaminants such as PCDD/Fs. In addition to surface water runoff from the city of Oakland, other nonindustrialized urban locations may represent important sources of PCDD/Fs to San Francisco Bay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900517
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of groundwater flow in karst areas using component separation of natural potential measurements (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Natural potential technique ; Topographic effect ; Karst terrane ; Groundwater recharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The natural (electrical) potential (NP) method – also known as self-potential, spontaneous potential and streaming potential (SP) – has been used to locate areas of groundwater flow in karst terrane. NP is the naturally occurring voltage at the ground surface resulting from ambient electrical currents within the earth. The measurement of NP can be used to characterize groundwater flow in karst terrane because electrical potential gradients are generated by the horizontal flow of water along fractures or conduits and the vertical infiltration of water into fractures or shafts. NP data from a site on the Mitchell Plain of southern Indiana, USA, revealed that NP data can be decomposed into three components: topographic effect, residual NP and noise. At this site, NP was inversely proportional to elevation, but the correlation varied with time. The topographic correction factor varied from –2.5 to –1.2 mV/m (NP change per unit elevation increase), with an average linear correlation coefficient (R) of 0.95. Because the site slopes toward an adjacent creek that is the local groundwater discharge zone, one possible explanation for this effect is a streaming-potential mechanism generated by groundwater movement toward the creek. The residual NP data revealed three negative anomalies at the survey area. Two of them coincide with sinkholes. A part of the third anomaly is coincident with a small valley, and concentrated infiltration does occur at this elevation in other valleys at the site, as evidenced by the existence of sinkholes. However, the dispersed, low-magnitude nature of the third anomaly does not prove the existence of concentrated groundwater recharge activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050355
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-situ scanning tunnelling microscopy of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and microcrystalline silicon (1998)
    Springer
    Applied physics 66 (1998), S. 1101-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 68.55; 72.20; 81.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390051305
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GCM simulation of the Southern Oscillation from 1979–88 (1995)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 11 (1995), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Southern Oscillation (SO) is examined in three 10 year AMIP-type integrations of a 30-level GCM having prescribed monthly mean observed sea surface temperatures for the period January 1979 to December 1988. Three horizontal spectral resolutions of T21, T42 and T79 are investigated and the results are compared with the low-frequency variability, having periods longer than 8 months, in the observed Darwin and Tahiti sea level pressures (SLP) and in the T106 ECMWF analyses from May 1985 to April 1991. Both the ECMWF analyses and the GCM results give unrealistic SLP variability at Tahiti resulting in low Darwin-Tahiti SLP correlations and low S/N ratios for the Tahiti-Darwin SO index. The ECMWF analyses are in particularly poor agreement with the observations during 1987 with anomalously high SLP at Tahiti. Examination of the ECMWF assimilated SSTs, reveals that this may be related to the assimilated SSTs being too cold in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific during mid-1987. The GCM results show the familiar SLP dipole in the tropical Pacific albeit displaced eastwards compared to previous observational studies especially at T42 resolution, thus accounting for the problems at Tahiti which lies near strong gradients in the correlation pattern. Time-longitude diagrams of low-level convergence and correlation maps of upper-level streamfunction suggest that the model is reproducing the SO divergence anomalies although too weakly at T21 resolution and at different longitudinal locations at T42 and T79 resolutions. The time-mean low-level convergences in the GCM simulations give ITCZs and SPCZs in qualitative agreement with the observations with a tendency for increased convergence in the eastern Pacific ITCZ at higher resolution. Longitudinal shifts are not apparent in the time-mean convergence when comparing the GCM results at different resolutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211677
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GCM simulation of the Southern Oscillation from 1979–88 (1995)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 11 (1995), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The Southern Oscillation (SO) is examined in three 10 year AMIP-type integrations of a 30-level GCM having prescribed monthly mean observed sea surface temperatures for the period January 1979 to December 1988. Three horizontal spectral resolutions of T21, T42 and T79 are investigated and the results are compared with the low-frequency variability, having periods longer than 8 months, in the observed Darwin and Tahiti sea level pressures (SLP) and in the T106 ECMWF analyses from May 1985 to April 1991. Both the ECMWF analyses and the GCM results give unrealistic SLP variability at Tahiti resulting in low Darwin-Tahiti SLP correlations and low S/N ratios for the Tahiti-Darwin SO index. The ECMWF analyses are in particularly poor agreement with the observations during 1987 with anomalously high SLP at Tahiti. Examination of the ECMWF assimilated SSTs, reveals that this may be related to the assimilated SSTs being too cold in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific during mid-1987. The GCM results show the familiar SLP dipole in the tropical Pacific albeit displaced eastwards compared to previous observational studies especially at T42 resolution, thus accounting for the problems at Tahiti which lies near strong gradients in the correlation pattern. Time-longitude diagrams of low-level convergence and correlation maps of upper-level streamfunction suggest that the model is reproducing the SO divergence anomalies although too weakly at T21 resolution and at different longitudinal locations at T42 and T79 resolutions. The time-mean low-level convergences in the GCM simulations give ITCZs and SPCZs in qualitative agreement with the observations with a tendency for increased convergence in the eastern Pacific ITCZ at higher resolution. Longitudinal shifts are not apparent in the time-mean convergence when comparing the GCM results at different resolutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050064
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and characterisation of glutamine synthetase from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and demonstration of elevated expression during pathogenesis on Stylosanthes guianensis (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 31 (1997), S. 447-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Expression quantification ; Glutamine synthetase ; Pathogenesis ; Nitrogen metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were designed to clone and identify genes of the fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides expressed at high levels during growth on the compatible host Stylosanthes guianensis when compared with expression in axenic culture. A cDNA clone (pCgGS) that hybridised preferentially to a cDNA probe prepared from infected leaves was isolated by the differential screening of a cDNA library from a nitrogen-starved axenic culture of C. gloeosporioides. The DNA sequence of pCgGS is highly homologous to genes for glutamine synthetase (GS) in other organisms. pCgGS contained all of the conserved regions assigned as catalytic domains in GS enzymes. Comparison with genomic sequences indicated that in C. gloeosporioides the GS gene is present as a single copy with three introns. To our knowledge this is the first report of the cloning of a GS from a filamentous fungus. A second clone (pCgRL1) was also isolated and represented a partial cDNA of the 25s rRNA of C. gloeosporioides. Because pCgRL1 did not hybridise to plant rRNA under high-stringency hybridisation conditions, it was used as a reference to quantify the expression of fungal GS mRNA during pathogenesis in S. guianensis compared to fungal growth in axenic culture. The results indicated that elevated expression of GS occurred during pathogenesis of C. gloeosporioides on S. guianensis, particularly at early stages of infection where expression was about six-times higher than during growth in rich culture media. This work also demonstrates that fungal-specific 25s rRNA fragments, such as pCgRL1, have considerable utility as a reference for quantifying pathogen gene expression in infected plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050228
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of global tropospheric teleconnections using observed satellite and general circulation model total ozone column data for 1979–91 (1998)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 14 (1998), S. 133-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The total ozone column is well correlated with tropospheric fields such as the heights of the upper tropospheric geopotential surfaces and thus it can provide useful information on temporal variability in the troposphere. The global availability of long period satellite measurements of the total ozone column, taken by the TOMS instruments since 1978, provides a valuable and independent data set for use in studies of seasonal and interannual climate variability. In this study, the global low-frequency seasonal teleconnections in the observed TOMS data from 1979–91 have been investigated using seasonal teleconnectivity maps and empirical orthogonal function analysis. They have also been compared with the results from a simulation made with the atmospheric GCM at Météo-France, having prescribed observed sea surface temperatures for the same period. In the observed total ozone, strong ENSO-related wave number one longitudinal dipole patterns are seen in both the tropics and in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics. The model shows much weaker variability in total ozone yet appears to be able to capture similar teleconnection patterns in the tropics related to ENSO. In the SH extratropics, the model total ozone shows a strong wave number 3 response rather than the wave number one dipole seen in the observations. A wave number 3 response is also evident in the 200 hPa geopotential height simulated by the model and in the NCEP analysis, and is consistent with the response in a linearised barotropic model forced in the Indonesian region. The different responses in the modelled and observed total ozone, suggest that tropopause effect is not the major factor in the SH extratropics, and it is likely that horizontal ozone transport also plays a role in this region. Despite a generally poor simulation of the zonal mean total ozone, the model was able to capture the anomalous strengthening of the SH stationary waves during austral spring of 1988, related to an intense stratosphere sudden warming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050214
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term trends in DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlordane in California Mussels (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 28 (1995), S. 443-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The California State Mussel Watch program is a long-term monitoring program conducted by the State Water Resources Control Board and the Department of Fish and Game. In a fifteen year time span, from 1977–1992, mussels were collected at 378 stations. From these stations, 47 were chosen to conduct statistical analysis based on the criteria that they had been sampled at least 6 times for total DDTs, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and total chlordanes. Declines of total DDTs and chlordanes were noted at approximately half of the stations. Declines of total PCBs were noted at approximately one-quarter of the stations. Declines of PCBs but not DDTs in mussels near Los Angeles County's sewer discharge corresponded to declines of these contaminants in treated effluent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211626
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of iodine, iodide, and iodate to Daphnia magna and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 29 (1995), S. 344-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acute toxicity (96-h LC50) of aqueous stable iodine species (I−, IO 3 − , I2) to rainbow trout and Daphnia magna were measured at three individual concentrations of hardness, total organic carbon, and chloride. Rainbow trout were most sensitive to I2 (LC50⩾0.53 mg/L), and much less sensitive to IO 3 − (LC50⩾220 mg/L) or I− (LC50⩾860 mg/L). Daphnia magna were equally sensitive to I2 (LC50⩾0.16 mg/L) and I− (LC50⩾0.17 mg/L), but were less sensitive to IO 3 − (LC50⩾10.3 mg/L). The external and internal radiological dose imparted by equivalent molar quantities of radioactive 125I, 129I, and 131I were calculated for both the Daphnia and trout using the LC50 values obtained from a standard water treatment. As expected, the dose from 125I and 131I would exceed the expected lethal dose rate long before a chemically toxic level is reached. In contrast, a molar concentration of 129I likely to cause death by chemical toxicity would impart a radiological dose less than that expected to be lethal. Thus, for short-lived aquatic organisms, risks due to chemical toxicity of 129I may exceed risks due to its radioactive emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212499
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous auroral observations described in the historical records of China, Japan and Korea from ancient times to AD 1700 (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 18 (1999), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; storms and substorms)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Early auroral observations recorded in various oriental histories are examined in order to search for examples of strictly simultaneous and indisputably independent observations of the aurora borealis from spatially separated sites in East Asia. In the period up to AD 1700, only five examples have been found of two or more oriental auroral observations from separate sites on the same night. These occurred during the nights of AD 1101 January 31, AD 1138 October 6, AD 1363 July 30, AD 1582 March 8 and AD 1653 March 2. The independent historical evidence describing observations of mid-latitude auroral displays at more than one site in East Asia on the same night provides virtually incontrovertible proof that auroral displays actually occurred on these five special occasions. This conclusion is corroborated by the good level of agreement between the detailed auroral descriptions recorded in the different oriental histories, which furnish essentially compatible information on both the colour (or colours) of each auroral display and its approximate position in the sky. In addition, the occurrence of auroral displays in Europe within two days of auroral displays in East Asia, on two (possibly three) out of these five special occasions, suggests that a substantial number of the mid-latitude auroral displays recorded in the oriental histories are associated with intense geomagnetic storms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0001-6
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