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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (10)
  • 2-phenylethanol  (2)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (6)
  • 1970-1974  (6)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Floral Volatiles From Ligustrum japonicum that Stimulate Flower-Visiting by Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 2167-2180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Flower-visiting ; floral scent ; Pieris rapae ; Pieridae ; Ligustrum japonicum ; Oleaceae ; proboscis extension ; EAG ; phenylacetaldehyde ; 2-phenylethanol ; 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Floral scent compounds of Ligustrum japonicum that affect the foraging behavior of Pieris rapae adults were examined by means of chemical analyses, electroantennogram (EAG) responses, and behavioral bioassays; the behavioral biossays consisted of two tests: reflex extension of proboscis (REP) in response to odor, and attraction to scented and unscented artificial flowers. More than 30 compounds, including 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, and methyl phenylacetate as the major components were identified from L. japonicum flowers. Of these, 22 compounds were tested for their effect on foraging behavior. Phenylacetaldehyde (PA), 2-phenylethanol (PE), and 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (MHO) elicited the highest REP responses, and benzaldehyde (BA) and methyl phenylacetate (MPA) evoked intermediate REP responses. EAG responses were not necessarily correlated with REP activities; the three high-REP compounds gave only moderate EAG responses, whereas two other compounds (ethyl phenylacetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate) that released high EAG responses showed low REP activities. In two-choice behavioral bioassays, flower models scented with any one of these high-REP compounds attracted significantly more adults, while compounds with low REP activities exhibited weak or no appreciable attractiveness. This suggests that the REP responsiveness closely reflects the attractiveness of a compound and could be an effective measure in elucidating which chemical attractants are involved in flower-visiting. A synthetic blend of five floral chemicals (PA, PE, MHO, BA, and MPA) displayed an attractiveness that was comparable to that of the floral extract and was more effective in attractiveness than the compounds tested singly. Consequently, it is highly likely that the flower-visiting by P. rapae to L. japonicum is mediated largely by floral scent chemicals and that a synergistic effect of the five floral components would be most responsible for attraction of the butterfly to this flower. The present results also strongly suggest that specific floral volatiles may facilitate close-range flower location by P. rapae, could serve in part as a cue for recognizing food sources, and also be profoundly implicated in flower preference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020750029362
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dilute solution of amylose in dimethylsuldoxide (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1177-1195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements of light scatting, sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation velocity, and viscosity were carried out on fractions of native amylose in dimethylsulfoxide at 25°C. The data for statistical radius as a function of weight-average molecular weight Mw suggested a stiff nature of this biopolymer in the solvent studied when interpreted in terms of Kirste's recent calculations with a stiff chain model. The data for sedimentation coefficient were consistent with this suggestion, and when analyzed in terms of the theory Hearst and Stockmayer for wormlike chain, a value of 233 Å2 was obtainedd for a/λ, where a is the length of a monomer unit projected on the chain axis and (2λ)-1is the persistence length of the wormlike chain. The intrinsic viscosity data gave a high a value as 0.91 for the exoponent in the Houwink-Mark-Sakuarada equation, in Substantial agreement with Cowie's prenious work.We attempted to interpret these data by use of the Eizner-Ptitsyn equation for wormlike chains, with omission of the free-drainage term and introduction of the a/λ value obtained from sedimentation data. It was found that, except in the region of Mw above one million, the observed values were fitted well by the E-P theory with a = 1.4 Å and (2λ)-1 = 87 Å. The disagreement in the high-molecular-weight region was tentatively attributed to excluded volume effect. The a value obtained suggests that the molecular conformation of amylose in dimethylsulfoxide is predominantly helical, in contrast to that of the same polymer in aqueous solutions of simple electrolyte. It was also found that a similar value of a was derived from our data for the second virial coefficient and partial specific volume if the molecule was assumed to be essentially rodlike.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1973.360120520
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of poly(aryleneethynylene)-type copolymers containing flexible linking methylene units. Optical properties of the copolymers suggesting occurrence of energy transfer between π-conjugated local units (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2201-2207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(aryleneethynylene) ; palladium-catalyzed ; copolymer ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Palladium-catalyzed polycondensation between 2,5-diiodo-3-hexylthiophene I-Th(Hex)-I with mixtures of p-diethynylbenzene HC≡C - Ph - C≡CH and α,ω-diethynylalkane HC≡C(CH2)lC≡CH (l = 3 or 8) gives poly(aryleneethynylene) PAE-type copolymers [C≡C(CH2)lC≡C - Th(Hex)]m[C≡C - Ph - C≡C - Th(Hex)]n containing the methylene unit. The copolymers have a molecular weight (Mn) of about 1.2 × 104 as determined by GPC (polystyrene standard) and are considered to possess essentially a random sequences in view of the  - C≡C(CH2)lC≡C -  and  - C≡C - Ph - C≡C -  units as judged from their UV-visible spectra. By the incorporation of the (CH2)l unit, the λmax position of the corresponding PAE homopolymer [C≡C - Ph - C≡C - Th(Hex)]n is shifted to a shorter wavelength. However, the copolymers give rise to a photoluminescence PL peak essentially agreeing with a PL peak of the homopolymer, suggesting occurrence of energy transfer in the copolymer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 36: 2201-2207, 1998
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and Chromatic Bases for Preferential Visiting By the Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae, to Rape Flowers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1895-1906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Flower-volatiles ; floral scent ; Pieris rapae ; Brassica rapa ; proboscis extension reflex ; EAG ; benzaldehyde ; phenylacetaldehyde ; 2-phenylethanol ; phenylacetonitrile ; UV nectar guide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Scent and coloration of corolla were examined as floral attributes responsible for preferential visiting by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, to rape flower, Brassica rapa. Floral volatile components that release the flower-visiting behavior of the butterfly were identified by chemical analyses, electroantennography (EAG), and two behavioral bioassays: proboscis extension reflex (PER) in response to odor and attraction to artificial flowers. GC and GC-MS analyses of the headspace volatiles from the flowers revealed the presence of six aromatic compounds, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetonitrile, and indole in decreasing order of quantity. Of these, phenylacetaldehyde elicited the highest response in the PER assay. While benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, benzaldehyde, and phenylacetonitrile evoked moderate responses, the PER-eliciting activity of indole was very weak. In two-choice behavioral bioassays, artificial flowers scented with any one of these PER-active compounds attracted significantly more butterflies than control (unscented) flowers, whereas those treated with indole were almost inactive. The EAG activities of the six chemicals were not high and were about the same at a low dose (1 μg), but phenylacetaldehyde elicited a much stronger response from both sexes at higher doses (10 and 100 μg). An overall profile of EAG responses at a dose of 100 μg was analogous to that of PER performance, suggesting that floral volatiles may be involved in close-range location or recognition of flowers rather than long-range attraction. By spectroscopic and UV-photographic examinations of rape flower, the central part of the corolla was found to absorb UV rays in marked contrast to the other parts, which reflected near-UV rays (λmax = 350 nm). This indicates that the flower is endowed with a conspicuous nectar guide that is probably an important visual stimulus for attracting foraging adults of P. rapae. Consequently, the present findings strongly suggest that this elaborate pollination strategy of rape flower, characterized by its good combination of olfactory and visual attractiveness, accounts for preferential visiting by the cabbage butterfly to the flower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020990018111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible oxygenation of heme bound to polyvinylpyridine and polyvinylimidazole (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 13 (1974), S. 2147-2159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction between heme bound to poly-4-vinylpyridine (PVP) or poly-N-vinyl-2-methylimidazole (PVMI) and molecular oxygen (O2) was studied. In this paper, the reactions of some types of heme with O2 in organic solvents, particularly in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were discussed. The free heme not bound to an axial base was easily oxidized irreversibly to hemin in DMF with bubbled O2. The hemochromogens complexed with pyridine, imidazole, or their polymeric derivatives such as PVP and PVMI bound O2 to one of the axial coordination sites. The characteristic absorption band assignable to the resulting oxygenated heme was observed at 402 nm. This absorption band could be changed back to the characteristic band of the reduced hemochromogen at 418 nm by removing O2 dissolved in the DMF solution by a vacuum or by a stream of nitrogen. Thus, the hemochromogens bound to the synthetic polymers were found to adsorb and desorb O2 reversible in DMF.When the polymeric ligands were used, the equilibrium constants in the complexation of heme with these polymers were about 102 times as large as those of the corresponding monomeric ligands. The oxygenation rates and the capacities of O2 of the polymeric hemochromogens were larger than those of the monomeric hemochromogens. In addition, the oxygenation rate of the polymer complex was changeable owing to the conformational change of the polymeric ligand; this rate increased about ten times under the optimal condition.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1974.360131015
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The differential refractive index increments of statistical styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl methacrylate terpolymers (1972)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 25 (1972), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Brechungsindexinkrement von acht verschieden zusammengesetzten Terpolymeren aus Styrol, Acrylnitril und Methylmethacrylat wurde in Dimethylfoirmamid und in Butanon bestimmt. Aus der infrarotspektroskopisch ermittelten Zusammensetzung der Copolymeren und den Brechungsinkrementen der Homopolymeren wurden die Brechungsinkremente der Terpolymeren berechnet. Das ptrrtielle azeotrope Terpolymere besitzt ein konstantes Brechungsinkrement während der Terpolymerisation, während die aus anderen Monomermischungen erhaltenen Werte sich mit dem Umsatz ändern.
    Notes: The differential refractive index increment was measured for statistical styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl methacrylate terpolymers of eight different compositions in dimethylformamide and in butanone. With the terpolymer composition obtained from infrared absorption and the differential refractive index increments of the homopolymers, the differential refractive index increments of terpolymers are calculated. The partial azeotropic terpolymer gives a constant value in the course of terpolymerization. The differential refractive index increment of a terpolymer synthesized from other monomer feed than the azeotropic composition changes with conversion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1972.050250115
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-electron transfer in photoelectrochemical processes (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 6 (1995), S. 115-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: photoelectrochemistry ; multi-electron transfer ; semiconductor particle ; light excitation ; molecular conversion reactions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Simultaneous bidirectional forward and backward electron transfers take place on a light-exited semiconductor particle, even at the same geometric site. The potentials of the electron pathways are different, giving rise to two independent molecular conversion reactions. This type of multi-electron transfer reactions is overviewed and the stepwise unidirectional multi-electron transfer on the excited semiconductor particle is also described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1995.220060304
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the number of crosslinks in collagens from mechanical properties of swollen fibers (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 1577-1586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for the determination of crosslink density for collagen fibers was proposed. The number of interchain crosslinkages in whale ligament and rat-tail tendon was estimated by applying an usual rubber elasticity theory. Collagen fibers swollen in a solution composed of equal volumes of 8M LiBr aqueous solution and diethylene glycol monoalkyl ether showed a typical rubber elasticity. The energy components to total retractive forces were similar in order in magnitude for crosslinked natural rubbers, namely, below 0.3. It was found that no intermolecular crosslinkage occurs between tropocollagen molecules in tendon from a 2-month-old rat, while there are about 12 crosslinking sites per molecule in tendon from a 10-month-old rat and 15 sites in whale ligament. The number, type, and crosslinking sites in the tendon crosslinked with 1,3-bis(vinylsulfonyl)-2-propanol is also discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow-type cyanide sensor using an immobilized microorganism (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 8 (1996), S. 876-879 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Cyanide ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Respiration inhibition ; Flow system ; Reactor-type microbial sensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A flow system for cyanide detection using Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. This sensor system consists of two oxygen electrodes and immobilized S. cerevisiae whose respiration activity is measured by the oxygen electrodes. Since cyanide inhibits S. cerevisiae's respiration, it can be detected by measuring this inhibition. Two types of systems were constructed, characterized and compared. One is a membrane-type flow system in which S. cerevisiae was immobilized onto a cellulose membrane. The other is a reactor-type flow system in which S. cerevisiae was immobilized onto the glass beads. The sensor response was examined in the range from 0 to 15μM. The reactor-type sensor system displayed lower detection limit (0.15 μM) and better stability (16 days).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140081005
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and polymerization of various vinyl-type monomers containing the pyrrole ring (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 853-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vinyl-type monomers containing the pyrrole ring, such as 2-vinylpyrrole (2-VPyrr), N-(pyrrol-2-yl)methylacrylamide (PMA), N-methyl, N-(pyrrol-2-yl)methylacrylamide (MPMA), 2-allylpyrrole (2-AP), β-(pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl vinyl ether (PEVE), 2-diallyl-aminomethylpyrrole (DAMP), and 3-(2-pyrrolylmethyleneimino)propene-1 (PIP) were synthesized by various reactions involving characteristic properties of the pyrrole ring. Radical homopolymerizations and copolymerizations of these monomers were studied. In the homopolymerization of conjugated monomers such as 2-VPyrr and PMA, chain transfer to the pyrrole-containing monomer was remarkable but not degradative. The copolymerization parameters, that is, the values of r1, r2, Q1, and e1 of 2-VPyrr, were determined to be 0.066, 0.69, 5.53, and -1.36, respectively in the copolymerization of 2-VPyrr (M1) with MMA (M2). The Q and e values of the monomers containing a heteroaromatic ring such as 2-vinylpyrrole, 2-vinylfuran, and 2-vinylthiophene were evaluated by the molecular orbital theory. The e value of PMA was found to be negative (-0.64) in the copolymerization with styrene, although e for acrylamide derivatives is generally positive. This may be explained by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group and NH group of PMA. That is, attraction or polarization of π-electrons in the vinyl group of PMA is weakened by such hydrogen bonding. From the results of copolymerization of 2-AP with various comonomers, the comonomers could be classified into three categories: class a monomers, in which both Q and e values are largely positive, can copolymerize with 2-AP; class b monomers, having small e values, homopolymerize and can not copolymerize with 2-AP; class c monomers, in which both Q and e values are small. The Q and e values of the comonomer must be largely positive in order to permit copolymerization with an allyl-type monomer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.170110412
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