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  • 1
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    Radiological protection and medical dosimetry for the Skylab crewmen (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Dosimetry results for Skylab crewmembers show that the Skylab 4 crewmen received the highest dose equivalents but remained well within the established limits for Skylab missions below the threshold of significant clinical effects. These dose equivalents apply specificially to long term effects such as general life shortening, increased neoplasm incidence, and cataract production. A Skylab crewman could fly a mission comparable to one 84-day Skylab 4 mission per year for 50 years before exceeding these career limits.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 64-69
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Radiation protection and instrumentation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Radiation was found not to be an operational problem during the Apollo program. Doses received by the crewmen of Apollo missions 7 through 17 were small because no major solar-particle events occurred during those missions. One small event was detected by a radiation sensor outside the Apollo 12 spacecraft, but no increase in radiation dose to the crewmen inside the spacecraft was detected. Radiation protection for the Apollo program was focused on both the peculiarities of the natural space radiation environment and the increased prevalence of manmade radiation sources on the ground and onboard the spacecraft. Radiation-exposure risks to crewmen were assessed and balanced against mission gain to determine mission constraints. Operational radiation evaluation required specially designed radiation detection systems onboard the spacecraft in addition to the use of satellite data, solar observatory support, and other liaison. Control and management of radioactive sources and radiation-generating equipment was important in minimizing radiation exposure of ground-support personnel, researchers, and the Apollo flight and backup crewmen.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 105-113
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Apollo light flash investigations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The visual phenomenon of light flashes resulting from high energy, heavy cosmic rays penetrating the command module structure and crewmembers' eyes is investigated. Light flash events observed during dedicated sessions on Apollo 15, 16, 17 are described along with a Monte Carlo simulation of the exposure of an astronaut to cosmic radiation during a mission. Results of the Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector experiment developed for Apollo 16 and 17 to obtain a direct record of incident cosmic ray particles are correlated with crewmembers' reports of light flashes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 355-365
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Heavy cosmic-ray exposure of Apollo astronauts (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comprehensive study of the heavy-particle cosmic-ray exposure received by the individual astronauts during the nine lunar Apollo missions reveals a significant variation in the exposure as a function of shielding and the phase of the solar cycle. The data are useful in planning for future long-range missions and in estimating the expected biological damage.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Science; 187; Jan. 24
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Light flashes observed by astronauts on Skylab 4 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two dedicated light flash observing sessions were conducted by one of the crewmen during the Skylab 4 mission. Analyses of his observations reveal a strong correlation between flash frequency and primary cosmic-ray flux, and an even stronger correlation between flash frequency and the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner belt trapped radiation. Calculations indicate that an all-proton inner belt probably cannot produce the observed SAA flash rate, and they suggest that there may exist a previously unobserved inner belt flux of multiply charged nuclei.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Science; 188; May 30
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Visual light flash observations on Skylab 4 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Evaluation of light flashes observed in earth orbit establishes: (1) a strong correlation of very high flash rates with passage through the South Atlantic anomaly; (2) evidence for a predicted latitude effect; and (3) an increased flash rate outside the anomaly during a second observation period. Event rates and flash descriptions during South Atlantic anomaly passes indicate that there may be particles heavier than protons in the inner belt of trapped radiation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 127-130
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    MEMS reagent and sample handling procedure: Feasibility of viral antibody detection by passive immune agglutination (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An attempt was made to develop a test requiring no preadsorption steps for the assessment of antibodies to rubella and mumps viruses using the passive immune agglutination (PIA) method. Both rubella and mumps antigens and antibodies were prepared. Direct PIA tests, using rubella antigen-coated beads, and indirect PIA tests, using rubella antibody-coated beads, were investigated. Attempts, using either method, were unsuccessful. Serum interference along with nonspecific agglutination of beads by the rubella antigen resulted in no specific response under the test conditions investigated. A new, highly sensitive approach, the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test system, is recommended to overcome the nonspecificity. This system is a logical outgrowth of some of the solid phase work done on MEMS and represents the next generation tests system that can be directly applied to early disease detection and monitoring.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-147398 , REPT-115-F
    Format: application/pdf
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