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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (18)
  • Elsevier  (17)
  • Wiley  (6)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 2015-2019  (23)
  • 2010-2014  (13)
  • 1995-1999  (6)
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  • 1
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    Identification of a T follicular helper cell subset that drives anaphylactic IgE (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Cross-linking of high-affinity IgE results in the life-threatening allergic reaction, anaphylaxis. Yet the cellular mechanisms that induce B cells to produce IgE to allergens remain poorly understood. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells direct the affinity and isotype of antibodies produced by B cells. Although Tfh cell-derived IL-4 is necessary for IgE production, it is not sufficient. We report a rare population of IL-13-producing Tfh cells present in mice and humans with IgE to allergens, but not when allergen-specific IgE was absent or only low-affinity. These "Tfh13" cells have an unusual cytokine profile (IL-13〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-4〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-5〈sup〉hi〈/sup〉IL-21〈sup〉lo〈/sup〉) and co-express BCL6 and GATA3. They were required for production of high- but not low-affinity IgE and subsequent allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Blocking Tfh13 cells may represent an alternative therapeutic target to ameliorate anaphylaxis.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Carbon doping of WS2 monolayers: Bandgap reduction and p-type doping transport (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Chemical doping constitutes an effective route to alter the electronic, chemical, and optical properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs). We used a plasma-assisted method to introduce carbon-hydrogen (CH) units into WS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 monolayers. We found CH-groups to be the most stable dopant to introduce carbon into WS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, which led to a reduction of the optical bandgap from 1.98 to 1.83 eV, as revealed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Aberration corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-HRSTEM) observations in conjunction with first-principle calculations confirm that CH-groups incorporate into S vacancies within WS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. According to our electronic transport measurements, undoped WS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 exhibits a unipolar n-type conduction. Nevertheless, the CH-WS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 monolayers show the emergence of a p-branch and gradually become entirely p-type, as the carbon doping level increases. Therefore, CH-groups embedded into the WS〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 lattice tailor its electronic and optical characteristics. This route could be used to dope other 2D-TMDs for more efficient electronic devices.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Bottlebrush-architectured poly(ethylene glycol) as an efficient vector for RNA interference in vivo (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Nonhepatic delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) remains a challenge for development of RNA interference–based therapeutics. We report a noncationic vector wherein linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a polymer generally considered as inert and safe biologically but ineffective as a vector, is transformed into a bottlebrush architecture. This topology provides covalently embedded siRNA with augmented nuclease stability and cellular uptake. Consisting almost entirely of PEG and siRNA, the conjugates exhibit a ~25-fold increase in blood elimination half-life and a ~19-fold increase in the area under the curve compared with unmodified siRNA. The improved pharmacokinetics results in greater tumor uptake and diminished liver capture. Despite the structural simplicity these conjugates efficiently knock down target genes in vivo without apparent toxic and immunogenic reactions. Given the benign biological nature of PEG and its widespread precedence in biopharmaceuticals, we anticipate the brush polymer–based technology to have a significant impact on siRNA therapeutics.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Emerging applications for DNA writers and molecular recorders (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Natural life is encoded by evolvable, DNA-based memory. Recent advances in dynamic genome-engineering technologies, which we collectively refer to as in vivo DNA writing, have opened new avenues for investigating and engineering biology. This Review surveys these technological advances, outlines their prospects and emerging applications, and discusses the features and current limitations of these technologies for building various genetic circuits for processing and recording information in living cells.
    Keywords: Molecular Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: Redesigning lignin, the aromatic polymer fortifying plant cell walls, to be more amenable to chemical depolymerization can lower the energy required for industrial processing. We have engineered poplar trees to introduce ester linkages into the lignin polymer backbone by augmenting the monomer pool with monolignol ferulate conjugates. Herein, we describe the isolation of a transferase gene capable of forming these conjugates and its xylem-specific introduction into poplar. Enzyme kinetics, in planta expression, lignin structural analysis, and improved cell wall digestibility after mild alkaline pretreatment demonstrate that these trees produce the monolignol ferulate conjugates, export them to the wall, and use them during lignification. Tailoring plants to use such conjugates during cell wall biosynthesis is a promising way to produce plants that are designed for deconstruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilkerson, C G -- Mansfield, S D -- Lu, F -- Withers, S -- Park, J-Y -- Karlen, S D -- Gonzales-Vigil, E -- Padmakshan, D -- Unda, F -- Rencoret, J -- Ralph, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):90-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1250161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyltransferases/*chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Angelica sinensis/enzymology/genetics ; Cell Wall/chemistry/metabolism ; Coumaric Acids/metabolism ; Genes, Plant ; Lignin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Roots/enzymology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/growth & development ; Populus/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Trees/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Spatial interference scale as a determinant of microbial range expansion (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉In microbial communities, social interactions such as competition occur ubiquitously across multiple spatial scales from local proximity to remote distance. However, it remains unclear how such a spatial variation of interaction contributes to the structural development of microbial populations. Here, we developed synthetic consortia, biophysical theory, and simulations to elucidate the role of spatial interference scale in governing ecosystem organization during range expansion. For consortia with unidirectional interference, we discovered that, at growing fronts, the extinction time of toxin-sensitive species is reciprocal to the spatial interference scale. In contrast, for communities with bidirectional interference, their structures diverge into distinct monoculture colonies under different initial conditions, with the corresponding separatrix set by the spatial scale of interference. Near the separatrix, ecosystem development becomes noise-driven and yields opposite structures. Our results establish spatial interaction scale as a key determinant for microbial range expansion, providing insights into microbial spatial organization and synthetic ecosystem engineering.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    GPR40 modulates epileptic seizure and NMDA receptor function (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, and approximately 30% of patients do not respond adequately to antiepileptic drug treatment. Recent studies suggest that G protein–coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is expressed in the central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of neurological function. However, the impact of GPR40 on epileptic seizures remains unclear. In this study, we first reported that GPR40 expression was increased in epileptic brains. In the kainic acid–induced epilepsy model, GPR40 activation after status epilepticus alleviated epileptic activity, whereas GPR40 inhibition showed the opposite effect. In the pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model, susceptibility to epilepsy was reduced with GPR40 activation and increased with GPR40 inhibition. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that GPR40 affected 〈i〉N〈/i〉-methyl-〈scp〉d〈/scp〉-aspartate (NMDA) receptor–mediated synaptic transmission. Moreover, GPR40 regulated NR2A and NR2B expression on the surface of neurons. In addition, endocytosis of NMDA receptors and binding of GPR40 with NR2A and NR2B can be regulated by GPR40. Together, our findings indicate that GPR40 modulates epileptic seizures, providing a novel antiepileptic target.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    GPR40 modulates epileptic seizure and NMDA receptor function (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-18
    Description: Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, and approximately 30% of patients do not respond adequately to antiepileptic drug treatment. Recent studies suggest that G protein–coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is expressed in the central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of neurological function. However, the impact of GPR40 on epileptic seizures remains unclear. In this study, we first reported that GPR40 expression was increased in epileptic brains. In the kainic acid–induced epilepsy model, GPR40 activation after status epilepticus alleviated epileptic activity, whereas GPR40 inhibition showed the opposite effect. In the pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model, susceptibility to epilepsy was reduced with GPR40 activation and increased with GPR40 inhibition. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that GPR40 affected N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor–mediated synaptic transmission. Moreover, GPR40 regulated NR2A and NR2B expression on the surface of neurons. In addition, endocytosis of NMDA receptors and binding of GPR40 with NR2A and NR2B can be regulated by GPR40. Together, our findings indicate that GPR40 modulates epileptic seizures, providing a novel antiepileptic target.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Ultralarge elastic deformation of nanoscale diamond (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-20
    Description: Diamonds have substantial hardness and durability, but attempting to deform diamonds usually results in brittle fracture. We demonstrate ultralarge, fully reversible elastic deformation of nanoscale (~300 nanometers) single-crystalline and polycrystalline diamond needles. For single-crystalline diamond, the maximum tensile strains (up to 9%) approached the theoretical elastic limit, and the corresponding maximum tensile stress reached ~89 to 98 gigapascals. After combining systematic computational simulations and characterization of pre- and postdeformation structural features, we ascribe the concurrent high strength and large elastic strain to the paucity of defects in the small-volume diamond nanoneedles and to the relatively smooth surfaces compared with those of microscale and larger specimens. The discovery offers the potential for new applications through optimized design of diamond nanostructure, geometry, elastic strains, and physical properties.
    Keywords: Engineering, Materials Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Spatial interference scale as a determinant of microbial range expansion (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-22
    Description: In microbial communities, social interactions such as competition occur ubiquitously across multiple spatial scales from local proximity to remote distance. However, it remains unclear how such a spatial variation of interaction contributes to the structural development of microbial populations. Here, we developed synthetic consortia, biophysical theory, and simulations to elucidate the role of spatial interference scale in governing ecosystem organization during range expansion. For consortia with unidirectional interference, we discovered that, at growing fronts, the extinction time of toxin-sensitive species is reciprocal to the spatial interference scale. In contrast, for communities with bidirectional interference, their structures diverge into distinct monoculture colonies under different initial conditions, with the corresponding separatrix set by the spatial scale of interference. Near the separatrix, ecosystem development becomes noise-driven and yields opposite structures. Our results establish spatial interaction scale as a key determinant for microbial range expansion, providing insights into microbial spatial organization and synthetic ecosystem engineering.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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