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  • 2020-2024  (11)
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  • 1
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    When does risk become residual? A systematic review of research on flood risk management in West Africa (2021)
    Wagner, Simon ; Souvignet, Maxime ; Walz, Yvonne ; [et al.]
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Flood events in West Africa have devastating impacts on the lives of people. Additionally, developments such as climate change, settlement expansion into flood-prone areas, and modification of rivers are expected to increase flood risk in the future. Policy documents have issued calls for conducting local risk assessments and understanding disaster risk in diverse aspects, leading to an increase in such research. Similarly, in a shift from flood protection to flood risk management, the consideration of various dimensions of flood risk, the necessity of addressing flood risk through an integrated strategy containing structural and non-structural measures, and the presence of residual risk are critical perspectives raised. However, the notion of “residual risk” remains yet to be taken up in flood risk management-related academic literature. This systematic review seeks to approach the notion of residual risk by reviewing information on flood impacts, common measures, and recommendations in academic literature. The review reveals various dimensions of impacts from residual flood risk aside from material damage, in particular, health impacts and economic losses. Infrastructural measures were a dominant category of measures before and after flood events and in recommendations, despite their shortcomings. Also, spatial planning interventions, a more participatory and inclusive governance approach, including local knowledge, sensitisation, and early warning systems, were deemed critical. In the absence of widespread access to insurance schemes, support from social networks after flood events emerged as the most frequent measure. This finding calls for in-depth assessments of those networks and research on potential complementary formal risk transfer mechanisms.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII)
    Description: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (1040)
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Flood ; Residual risk ; Risk management ; West Africa ; Systematic review
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    Himalayan hazard cascades – modern and medieval outburst floods in Pokhara, Nepal (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-15
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In May 2012, a sediment‐laden flood along the Seti Khola (= river) caused 72 fatalities and widespread devastation for > 40 km in Pokhara, Nepal's second largest city. The flood was the terminal phase of a hazard cascade that likely began with a major rock‐slope collapse in the Annapurna Massif upstream, followed by intermittent ponding of meltwater and subsequent outburst flooding. Similar hazard cascades have been reported in other mountain belts, but peak discharges for these events have rarely been quantified. We use two hydrodynamic models to simulate the extent and geomorphic impacts of the 2012 flood and attempt to reconstruct the likely water discharge linked to even larger medieval sediment pulses. The latter are reported to have deposited several cubic kilometres of sediment in the Pokhara Valley. The process behind these sediment pulses is debated. We traced evidence of aggradation along the Seti Khola during field surveys and from RapidEye satellite images. We use two steady‐state flood models, HEC‐RAS and ANUGA, and high‐resolution topographic data, to constrain the initial flood discharge with the lowest mismatch between observed and predicted flood extents. We explore the physically plausible range of simplified flood scenarios, from meteorological (1000 m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) to cataclysmic outburst floods (600,000 m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉). We find that the 2012 flood most likely had a peak discharge of 3700 m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the upper Seti Khola and attenuated to 500 m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 when arriving in Pokhara city. Simulations of larger outburst floods produce extensive backwater effects in tributary valleys that match with the locations of upstream‐dipping medieval‐age slackwater sediments in several tributaries of the Seti Khola. Our findings are consistent with the notion that the medieval sediment pulses were linked to outburst floods with peak discharges of >50,000 m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, though discharge may have been an order of magnitude higher.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉We reconstruct the magnitudes of outburst floods which constitute the terminal phases of a recent and potentially much larger historic hazard cascades affecting the Pokhara Valley in the Nepal Himalayas. To this end, we calibrate two hydrodynamic models, HEC‐RAS and ANUGA, to sedimentary flood evidence – derived for the catastrophic 2012 flood from RapidEye satellite imagery and for the historic sediment pulses from slackwater deposits in the valley's stratigraphically youngest fill. 〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="esp5539-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:01979337:media:esp5539:esp5539-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: University of Potsdam http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004238
    Description: National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.941540
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; ANUGA ; GLOF ; HEC‐RAS ; hydrodynamic modelling ; peak discharge reconstruction ; RapidEye ; sedimentary evidence ; simulations
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 3
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    Modellbasierte prädiktive Längsdynamikregelung für künftige Fahrerassistenz- und Automatisierungssysteme (2024)
    KIT Scientific Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: A fundamental requirement for future automated vehicles is that curbs and other bumps in the road can be driven over safely, reliably and accurately. This work presents a concept for a model-based, predictive longitudinal vehicle dynamics control. It demonstrates in practice how the knowledge of the road profile ahead can be used to both increase the control performance and improve the driving comfort.
    Keywords: Preview; Longitudinal Motion Control; Road Profile Disturbances; Vehicle Dynamics; Vorausschau; Längsregelung; Störungen durch Fahrbahnprofil; Two Point Tire Model; Fahrzeugdynamik ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THR Electrical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THR Electrical engineering
    Language: German
    Format: image/jpeg
    Format: image/jpeg
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    E-BOOK
  • 4
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    Lateral and vertical carbon fluxes from the polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia (summer 2014) (2022)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: This dataset contains observations of water discharge rates and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from a polygonal tundra site in the Lena River Delta, Russia. This dataset also contains lateral carbon fluxes of DOC and DIC that were estimated from these observations. Additionally, this dataset contains vertical fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane from the same study site. All observations were recorded on Samoylov Island (N 72.377188, E 126.495144) in the summer of 2014. The abbreviations A1, A2 and B refer to three outflows on the island where the hydrological parameters were observed (A1: N 72.379991, E 126.480886; A2: N 72.380134, E 126.481433; B: N 72.381348, E 126.483482). All outflows were approximately 10 meters. More information can be found in https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3863-2022.
    Keywords: AWI Arctic Land Expedition; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, flux; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbon, organic, dissolved; Carbon, organic, dissolved, flux; Carbon, organic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbon dioxide, flux; Carbon dioxide, flux, standard deviation; Carbon in Permafrost / Kohlenstoff im Permafrost; CARBOPERM; CH4 flux; CLICCS; Cluster of Excellence: Climate, Climatic Change, and Society; CO2 flux; DATE/TIME; Date/Time local; DIC; DIC flux; Discharge; DOC; DOC flux; Formation, turnover and release of carbon in Siberian permafrost landscapes; KoPF; Lena River Delta; Methane, flux; Methane, flux, standard deviation; Mini-Diver and RBC flume; Mini-Diver and V-notch weir; MULT; Multiple investigations; Multi-Sensor-Module MSM-S2, UIT Germany; polygon tundra; Quality flag, carbon dioxide, flux; Quality flag, methane, flux; Quality flag according to Mauder and Foken, 2004; RU-Land_2014_Lena; RU-Land_2014_Lena-Discharge; Samoylov Island, Lena Delta, Siberia; TOC analyzer (Shimadzu)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 254196 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 5
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    Lateral carbon export has low impact on the net ecosystem carbon balance of a polygonal tundra catchment (2022)
    In:  EPIC3Biogeosciences, 19(16), pp. 3863-3876, ISSN: 1726-4189
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Permafrost-affected soils contain large quantities of soil organic carbon (SOC). Changes in the SOC pool of a particular ecosystem can be related to its net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in which the balance of carbon (C) influxes and effluxes is expressed. For polygonal tundra landscapes, accounts of ecosystem carbon balances in the literature are often solely based on estimates of vertical carbon fluxes. To fill this gap, we present data regarding the lateral export rates of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a polygonal tundra site in the north Siberian Lena River delta, Russia. We use water discharge observations in combination with concentration measurements of waterborne carbon to derive the lateral carbon fluxes from one growing season (2 June–8 September 2014 for DOC, 8 June–8 September 2014 for DIC). To put the lateral C fluxes into context, we furthermore present the surface–atmosphere eddy covariance fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from this study site. The results show cumulative lateral DIC and DOC fluxes of 0.31–0.38 and 0.06–0.08 g m−2, respectively, during the 93 d observation period (8 June–8 September 2014). Vertical turbulent fluxes of CO2-C and CH4-C accumulated to −19.0 ± 1.2 and 1.0 ± 0.02 g m−2 in the same period. Thus, the lateral C export represented about 2 % of the net ecosystem exchange of (NEE) CO2. However, the relationship between lateral and surface–atmosphere fluxes changed over the observation period. At the beginning of the growing season (early June), the lateral C flux outpaced the surface-directed net vertical turbulent CO2 flux, causing the polygonal tundra landscape to be a net carbon source during this time of the year. Later in the growing season, the vertical turbulent CO2 flux dominated the NECB.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems (2022)
    In:  EPIC3Arctic Science, ISSN: 2368-7460
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season’s start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover’s role for vegetation, plant-animal interactions, permafrost conditions, microbial processes and biogeochemical cycling. We also compare studies of natural snow gradients with snow manipulation studies, altering snow depth and duration, to assess time scale difference of these approaches. The number of studies on snow in tundra ecosystems has increased considerably in recent years, yet we still lack a comprehensive overview of how altered snow conditions will affect these ecosystems. In specific, we found a mismatch in the timing of snowmelt when comparing studies of natural snow gradients with snow manipulations. We found that snowmelt timing achieved by manipulative studies (average 7.9 days advance, 5.5 days delay) were substantially lower than those observed over spatial gradients (mean range of 56 days) or due to interannual variation (mean range of 32 days). Differences between snow study approaches need to be accounted for when projecting snow dynamics and their impact on ecosystems in future climates.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Future tree survival in European forests depends on understorey tree diversity (2022)
    In:  Scientific Reports
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Climate change heavily threatens forest ecosystems worldwide and there is urgent need to understand what controls tree survival and forests stability. There is evidence that biodiversity can enhance ecosystem stability (Loreau and de Mazancourt in Ecol Lett 16:106–115, 2013; McCann in Nature 405:228–233, 2000), however it remains largely unclear whether this also holds for climate change and what aspects of biodiversity might be most important. Here we apply machine learning to outputs of a flexible-trait Dynamic Global Vegetation Model to unravel the effects of enhanced functional tree trait diversity and its sub-components on climate-change resistance of temperate forests (http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~billing/video/Forest_Resistance_LPJmLFIT.mp4). We find that functional tree trait diversity enhances forest resistance. We explain this with 1. stronger complementarity effects (~ 25% importance) especially improving the survival of trees in the understorey of up to + 16.8% (± 1.6%) and 2. environmental and competitive filtering of trees better adapted to future climate (40–87% importance). We conclude that forests containing functionally diverse trees better resist and adapt to future conditions. In this context, we especially highlight the role of functionally diverse understorey trees as they provide the fundament for better survival of young trees and filtering of resistant tree individuals in the future.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    CITATION PIK
  • 8
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    Multi-objective constrained optimization for energy applications via tree ensembles (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0306-2619
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-9118
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 9
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    A Structural Model of the Endogenous Human BAF Complex Informs Disease Mechanisms (2020)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0092-8674
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4172
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Cell Press
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 10
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    Rare flood scenarios for a rapidly growing high-mountain city: Pokhara, Nepal (2022)
    In:  Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-06
    Description: Pokhara (ca. 850 m a.s.l.), Nepal's second-largest city, lies at the foot of the Higher Himalayas and has more than tripled its population in the past 3 decades. Construction materials are in high demand in rapidly expanding built-up areas, and several informal settlements cater to unregulated sand and gravel mining in the Pokhara Valley's main river, the Seti Khola. This river is fed by the Sabche glacier below Annapurna III (7555 m a.s.l.), some 35 km upstream of the city, and traverses one of the steepest topographic gradients in the Himalayas. In May 2012 a sudden flood caused 〉70 fatalities and intense damage along this river and rekindled concerns about flood risk management. We estimate the flow dynamics and inundation depths of flood scenarios using the hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System). We simulate the potential impacts of peak discharges from 1000 to 10 000 m3 s−1 on land cover based on high-resolution Maxar satellite imagery and OpenStreetMap data (buildings and road network). We also trace the dynamics of two informal settlements near Kaseri and Yamdi with high potential flood impact from RapidEye, PlanetScope, and Google Earth imagery of the past 2 decades. Our hydrodynamic simulations highlight several sites of potential hydraulic ponding that would largely affect these informal settlements and sites of sand and gravel mining. These built-up areas grew between 3- and 20-fold, thus likely raising local flood exposure well beyond changes in flood hazard. Besides these drastic local changes, about 1 % of Pokhara's built-up urban area and essential rural road network is in the highest-hazard zones highlighted by our flood simulations. Our results stress the need to adapt early-warning strategies for locally differing hydrological and geomorphic conditions in this rapidly growing urban watershed.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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