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  • Springer  (43)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (15)
  • 2020-2024  (5)
  • 1965-1969  (53)
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  • 1
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    Quantum Computing for the Quantum Curious (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book makes quantum computing more accessible than ever before. A fast-growing field at the intersection of physics and computer science, quantum computing promises to have revolutionary capabilities far surpassing “classical” computation. Getting a grip on the science behind the hype can be tough: at its heart lies quantum mechanics, whose enigmatic concepts can be imposing for the novice. This classroom-tested textbook uses simple language, minimal math, and plenty of examples to explain the three key principles behind quantum computers: superposition, quantum measurement, and entanglement. It then goes on to explain how this quantum world opens up a whole new paradigm of computing. The book bridges the gap between popular science articles and advanced textbooks by making key ideas accessible with just high school physics as a prerequisite. Each unit is broken down into sections labelled by difficulty level, allowing the course to be tailored to the student’s experience of math and abstract reasoning. Problem sets and simulation-based labs of various levels reinforce the concepts described in the text and give the reader hands-on experience running quantum programs. This book can thus be used at the high school level after the AP or IB exams, in an extracurricular club, or as an independent project resource to give students a taste of what quantum computing is really about. At the college level, it can be used as a supplementary text to enhance a variety of courses in science and computing, or as a self-study guide for students who want to get ahead. Additionally, readers in business, finance, or industry will find it a quick and useful primer on the science behind computing’s future.
    Keywords: Quantum Physics ; Quantum Computing ; Computer Science, general ; Science Education ; Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics ; Computer Science ; Spintronics ; Open Access ; Introduction to quantum computing ; quantum computing textbook ; quantum computing for high school students ; introduction to quantum cryptography ; quantum gates ; quantum algorithms ; quantum superposition ; what is a qubit? ; quantum key distribution ; Quantum physics (quantum mechanics & quantum field theory) ; Mathematical theory of computation ; Teaching of a specific subject ; Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNU Teaching of a specific subject
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron capture and loss in electron swarm experiments (1967)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 200 (1967), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of capture and subsequent loss of electrons upon their time distribution in time-of-flight electron swarm experiments has been investigated. It is found that if the mean release time of captured electrons is much smaller than both the drift time and the time width of the electron swarm distribution, the effective diffusion coefficientD′ is given approximately by whereD is the electron diffusion coefficient in the absence of capture,w is the drift velocity, γ is the inverse release time, β is the inverse capture time and ζ=ψ/β+γ It is shown that measurements ofw andD by the steady state Townsend method should be unaffected by temporary capture processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01340530
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method of generating integral representations (1966)
    Springer
    Archiv der Mathematik 17 (1966), S. 551-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8938
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Conclusion The objective of this paper was to present a unified method of generating integral representations in special function theory using the idea of simultaneous separability of∇ 2U+ΦU=0 in orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems. The main results of this paper are formulas (8), (9) and (10) with formula (11) as a special case of (10).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01899429
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über das Vorkommen von Katecholaminen im Pigmentepithel des Meerschweinchenauges während der Entwicklung (1969)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 19 (1969), S. 272-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Entwicklung einer katecholamin-spezifischen Fluorescenz im Pigmentepithel des Meerschweinchenauges während der Embryonalzeit berichtet. Ab 16. Tragtag ist mit der Methode der „formaldehyde-induced fluorescence“ am Kryostatschnitt eine spezifische Fluorescenz in den Zellen der äußeren Lamelle des Augenbechers nachweisbar. Während die Fluorescenz bei pigmentierten Tieren mit dem Auftreten von Melanin am Ort der Melaninablagerung verschwindet, bleibt sie bei Albinos bis zur Geburt erhalten und erreicht hier bis zum 40. Tag der Embryonalentwicklung ihr Maximum. Es kann angenommen werden, daß wir durch die Fluorescenz Dopa erfassen.
    Notes: Summary The development of the catecholamine-specific fluorescence in the pigment epithelium of the guinea-pig eye during fetal life is investigated. At the 16th day of gestation a specific fluorescence in the outer layer of the optic cup can be demonstrated. It disappears with the onset of melanin synthesis in the pigment cells, while the fluorescence in the pigment epithelium of albinotic animals persists until birth and has its maximun intensity at the 40th day of gestation. The fluorescence is considered to be Dopa-specific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305290
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urea as sole source of nitrogen for plant growth (1968)
    Springer
    Planta 83 (1968), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Spirodela oligorrhiza grown in sterile culture was able to use urea as sole source of nitrogen but only when the pH of the culture medium was below 4.3. Plants inoculated into urea media at pH 6.4 initially made little growth and became nitrogen-deficient in appearance and composition although they contained about 100 μgrams of urea per gram fresh weight of tissue. After a period the pH of the medium usually fell below 4.3 and growth commenced. Growth with other compounds, e.g. ammonium, nitrate or allantoin, as sources of nitrogen was not similarly affected by the pH of the culture medium. Urease activity could always be detected in the tissues of Spirodela oligorrhiza growing on urea. Plants with little or no urease activity soon developed significant activity when inoculated into urea media at pH 4.0. When the pH of the medium was higher there was no increase in urease activity and no growth ensued. Plants growing on urea possessed an activity of about 50 milliunits per gram fresh weight of tissue, but if the pH of the medium fell to 3.5 or lower, the activity present rose to 10 times this level. Urease activity also appeared, in the absence of supplied urea, as plants became increasingly nitrogen-deficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385130
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Petrogenesis of Franciscan glaucophane schists and associated metamorphic rocks, California (1965)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 11 (1965), S. 695-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rocks of the glaucophane-schist facies are widely though irregularly developed in the Franciscan formation of California. Minerals critical of the facies are lawsonite, aragonite, jadeite and omphacitic pyroxenes associated with quartz; amphiboles of the glaucophane-crossite series are almost ubiquitous. The most widely distributed rock, occurring over areas of many square kilometers, is jadeite-lawsonite metagraywacke, commonly veined with aragonite. More spectacular, but occurring mainly in isolated blocks are coarse-grained glaucophane-lawsonite Schists of many kinds. Commonly, but by no means invariably, they are closely associated with bodies of serpentinite. Also common in the vicinity of serpentinite masses are blocks of amphibolite and eclogite. All the metamorphic rocks are considered to be Franciscan sediments and basic volcanics metamorphosed and metasomatized in the deep levels of a folded geosynclinal prism. Experimental data on the stability fields of jadeite-quartz, aragonite, and lawsonite show that the glaucophane-schist facies represents metamorphism at pressures of between 5 and 10 kb and temperatures of 150–300° C. Such conditions could develop at depths greater than 15 km provided a very low geothermal gradient (10°/km) were maintained. The metagray-wackes are considered to represent a regional response to such conditions. The role of serpentinites in glaucophane-schist metamorphism is discussed in terms of a tentatively proposed model: — In very deep levels — perhaps at depths as great as 30 km, bodies of hot ultramafic magma develop restricted aureoles' in which temperatures of 400–600° C are maintained fer perhaps 100–1000 years. The products of metamorphism, which also involves desilication under the influence of the ultramafic magma, are eclogite and amphibolite. Later, and perhaps at higher levels serpentinization of the now solid ultramafic masses (near 400° C), causes renewed metamorphism at lower grades. Marginal development of glaucophane Schists and prehnite and hydrogarnet rocks, and retrogressive alteration of eclogite and amphibolite to glaucophane-schist assemblages is attributed to this period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01128709
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reappraisal of the metamorphic facies concept (1966)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 12 (1966), S. 354-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eskola's concept of metamorphic facies, now 50 years old, is reappraised in the light of current knowledge and usage among petrologists. Facies should be defined solely in terms of observable geologic criteria. LikeEskola, we continue to view each facies as a set of mineral assemblages that approximate equilibrium within a definite range of temperature; but this is inference and must be excluded from the definition of facies. Mutual boundaries between facies are transitional. Division into subfacies has proved unacceptable to many writers, and has led to confusion in the physical interpretation of metamorphic parageneses. We propose henceforth not to recognize subfacies. Eleven facies are recognized in this paper, and their terminology has been adapted as nearly as possible to current general usage: A. Low-pressure facies commonly but not exclusively of contact metamorphism. In order of increasing temperature: (1) Albite-epidote-hornfels. (2) Hornblende-hornfels. (3) Pyroxene-hornfels. (4) Sanidinite. B. High-pressure low-temperature facies of regional metamorphism. In order of increasing pressure: (5) Zeolitic. (6) Greenschist. (7) Glaucophane-lawsonite-schist. C. High-pressure medium- to high-temperature facies of regional metamorphism. In order of increasing temperature: (8) Albite-epidote-amphibolite. (9) Amphibolite. (10) Granulite. D. Facies of extreme pressure and wide temperature range: (11) Eclogite. The pressure-temperature regime of a metamorphic terrane can be discussed in terms of the facies there represented, with detailed gradients inferred from sequences of mineral assemblages in basic, pelitic and calcareous rocks. The general simplicity of metamorphic mineral assemblages and their tendency to recur in space and time suggests a simple relation between such theoretically independent pressure variables as load pressureP l fluid pressureP j partial pressure of water, $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ . As a first approximation we accept for non-carbonate, hydrous assemblages a model in which $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ ≃P f ≃P l during mineral reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616820
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note on the genesis of brucite in contact metamorphism of dolomite (1965)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 11 (1965), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Consideration of available thermodynamic data and the published results of direct experiments relating to (1) formation. of periclase from dolomite and (2) hydration of periclase to brucite, permits the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) At very low partial pressures of CO2 (perhaps of the order of 1 bar) and relatively high partial pressures of water (up to 2000 bars), dolomite can break down directly to brucite and calcite at temperatures above about 400° C, and below temperatures on the brucite dehydration curve. (2) The reaction dolomite → calcite + periclase + CO2 in contact metamorphism near granitic bodies is likely to occur only at low partial pressures of CO2 (perhaps 10 or 20 bars); this can be achieved without direct formation of brucite, by maintaining a partial pressure of water of the order of 1000 bars or more. (3) At low CO2 pressures dolomite may re-form in the cooling stages of metamorphism by reaction between calcite, brucite, and CO2 at temperatures below about 400° C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133646
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffeomorphisms of a product of spheres (1969)
    Springer
    Inventiones mathematicae 8 (1969), S. 69-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1297
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418871
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approximate natural orbitals for BH 4 − , CH4 and NH 4 + (1969)
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 14 (1969), S. 350-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The natural orbitals obtained from Bishop's one center wave functions are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00527116
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