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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-04-29
    Description: In recent years, new approaches for developing earthquake rupture forecasts (ERFs) have been proposed to be used as an input for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). Zone- based approaches with seismicity rates derived from earthquake catalogs are commonly used in many countries as the standard for national seismic hazard models. In Italy, a single zone- based ERF is currently the basis for the official seismic hazard model. In this contribution, we present eleven new ERFs, including five zone-based, two smoothed seismicity-based, two fault- based, and two geodetic-based, used for a new PSH model in Italy. The ERFs were tested against observed seismicity and were subject to an elicitation procedure by a panel of PSHA experts to verify the scientific robustness and consistency of the forecasts with respect to the observations. Tests and elicitation were finalized to weight the ERFs. The results show a good response to the new inputs to observed seismicity in the last few centuries. The entire approach was a first attempt to build a community-based set of ERFs for an Italian PSHA model. The project involved a large number of seismic hazard practitioners, with their knowledge and experience, and the development of different models to capture and explore a large range of epistemic uncertainties in building ERFs, and represents an important step forward for the new national seismic hazard model.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE220
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: This contribution illustrates the state of the art on the development of the multiparametric network in Sicily in the last three years. This region is wellknown for the strong earthquakes (M〉6.5) which struck in historic time. However, the coverage of the seismic network developed in the last decades was not fully optimized to the need of the seismic surveillance. Since 2017, the group belonging to the National Earthquake Observatory (ONT) which operates in Sicily launched a developing plan of the preexisting seismic network in the framework of the project FISR “Sale Operative Integrate e Reti di Monitoraggio del futuro: l’INGV 2.0 (S.O.I.R.)”. Such update will end by the next years thanks to the project “GRINT Italian Research Infrastructure for Geosciences” in the framework of the “Programma Operativo Nazionale” (PON) of the Italian Ministry for the University and Research. This plan envisages both the upgrade of monitoring systems in the already existing nodes, and the integration of new nodes. The main objective is to build a multiparametric network which integrates the main seismic network, with the monitoring of other geophysical signals through the implementation of other sensors: accelerometers, geodetic GPS, radon detectors, and corner reflectors. We also illustrate the plan for the realization of a redundant network which could support the tasks of the main infrastructure in case of failure of the latter. Finally, we present some experimental urbanscale networks which in the future could support the main infrastructure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-40
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Rete Sismica Nazionale ; Rete multiparametrica ; Sicilia ; National Seismic Network ; Multiparametric network; ; Sicily
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: This work sets out to identify a state-of-the-art system to be used for the calibration of seismic sensors. The aim is to acquire such a system within the framework of the PON ARS01 00926 EWAS (an Early Warning System for cultural heritage) project, which seeks to develop new technologies for the protection, conservation and safety of cultural heritage and envisages creating a newly developed seismic monitoring system. This system will exploit the ETL3D/5s-H hybrid sensors, resulting from the integration of a precision accelerometer within the ETL3D/5s velocimeter [Fertitta et al., 2020]. The new calibration system, already acquired and being installed, can be used by the EWAS project partners (including the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology and the Kore University of Enna), to calibrate the ETL3D/5s-H sensors, and by external organisations to calibrate or gauge other seismic sensors, thus providing a useful service to the scientific community and supporting industrial activities. This paper presents the method used and the activities undertaken to define the technical specifications of the calibration system. A feasibility study of an electromechanical vibrating table and the testing of two electrodynamic calibration systems were carried out. One of the electrodynamic systems is the CS18P (Calibration System for Seismic Sensors) produced by the German firm SPEKTRA. The CS18P comprises two vibrating tables, one horizontal and one vertical, which, thanks to their fluid-dynamic suspension, eliminate the sliding and rolling friction associated with the movement of the moving part with respect to the fixed part. A hardware and software system monitors and controls the motion in real time, analyses the data and automatically processes a predefined set of measurements. In the light of the technical specifications and experimental results, the CS18P represents the ideal solution for the aims of the EWAS project and also in view of the possible future uses of the calibration system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-38
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic sensors calibration, Vibration exciter, Seismometer
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: New geochemical and isotopic data on volcanic rocks spanning the period ~75–50 ka BP on Ischia volcano, Italy, shed light on the evolution of the magmatic system before and after the catastrophic, caldera-forming Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT) eruption. Volcanic ac tivity during this period was influenced by a large, composite and differentiating magmatic system, replenished several times with isotopically distinct magmas of deepprovenance. Chemical and isotopic variations highlight that the pre-MEGT eruptions were fed by trachytic/phonolitic magmas from an isotopically zoned reservoir that were poorly enriched in radiogenic Sr and became progressively less radiogenic with time. Just prior to the MEGT eruption, the magmatic system was recharged by an isotopically distinct magma, relatively more enriched in radiogenic Sr with respect to the previously erupted magmas. This second magma initially fed several SubPlinian explosive eruptions and later supplied the climactic, phonolitic-to-trachytic MEGT eruption(s). Isotopic data, together with erupted volume estimations obtained for MEGT eruption(s), indicate that 〉5–10 km3of this relatively enriched magma had accumulated in the Ischia plumbing system. Geochemical modelling indicates that it accumulated at shallow depths (4–6 km), over a period of ca. 20 ka. After the MEGT eruption, volcanic activity was fed by a new batch of less differentiated (trachyte-latite) magma that was slightly less enriched in radiogenic Sr. The geochemical and Sr–Nd-isotopic variations through time reflect the upward flux of isotopically distinct magma batches, variably contaminated byHercynian crust at 8–12 km depth. The deep-sourced latitic to trachytic magmas stalled at shallow depths (4–6 km depth), differentiated to phonolite through crystal fractionation and assimilation of a feldspar-rich mush, or ascended directly to the surface and erupted.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1035
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia volcano ; Magmatic plumbing system ; Radiogenic isotopes ; Geothermometry ; Feldspar assimilation ; Caldera collapse
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: In aree di vulcanismo attivo e recente, oltre all’emissione di vapore e gas dai crateri centrali, si possono verificare emissioni di gas dal suolo che vengono rilasciati in modo diffuso o in mofete, o ancora che si disciolgono in acquiferi superficiali. Generalmente il gas più abbondante (fino al 99 vol.%) è l’anidride carbonica (CO2), ma in alcuni casi può essere anche il metano (CH4). La CO2 è un gas incolore e inodore che tende ad accumularsi in depressioni o scantinati dove ristagna in assenza di vento. Respirare aria con una concentrazione di anidride carbonica maggiore di 8 vol.% può condurre all’incoscienza o alla morte. Un esempio di quello che potrebbe accadere, anche se si tratta di un caso estremo, è rappresentato dal tragico evento avvenuto presso il lago Nyos in Camerun (un lago ospitato in un cratere vulcanico). Durante la notte del 21 agosto 1986 le acque del lago, sature di CO2, si rovesciarono improvvisamente e per decompressione si liberò una enorme quantità di gas che scese lungo i fianchi del cratere fino a raggiungere la valle sottostante dove vi era un villaggio. La nube di CO2, silenziosa e inodore, colse nel sonno gli abitanti e uccise circa 1700 persone e circa 3000 capi di bestiame [Barberi et al., 1986]. Numerosi incidenti dovuti all’inalazione di gas vulcanici sono avvenuti in varie altre parti del mondo, in particolare in Italia, Giappone, Nuova Zelanda [Hansell and Oppenheimer, 2004; Durand and Wilson, 2005] e nelle Isole Azzorre (Portogallo) [Viveiros et al., 2015]. Anche in Italia, purtroppo sono avvenuti diversi incidenti letali dovuti ad inalazione di CO2; si ricorda ad esempio che alla fine degli anni ’80 due bambini persero la vita nell’isola di Vulcano [Baubron et al., 1990] e ancora nel complesso vulcanico dei Colli Albani due uomini persero la vita, il primo a Cava dei Selci (frazione di Marino) nel 2000 e il secondo a Lavinio nel 2011 [Carapezza et al., 2003; Barberi et al., 2019]. Sempre in provincia di Roma, numerosi casi di intossicazione da CO2, che hanno altresì comportato l’evacuazione temporanea di alcune abitazioni, sono avvenuti per blowout (emissione incontrollata) di gas da pozzi d’acqua [Barberi et al., 2007; Carapezza et al., 2020]. La Campania ospita due dei vulcani quiescenti considerati tra i più pericolosi al mondo proprio per l’alta densità di popolazione che vive nelle zone esposte al pericolo: il Vesuvio e i Campi Flegrei. Anche in queste aree vulcaniche si hanno emissioni di gas endogeni e falde d’acqua ricche in CO2 e in caso di riattivazione del vulcano c’è da aspettarsi anche un forte incremento del rilascio del gas endogeno [Barberi et al., 2005]. Al fine di far conoscere tale problematica alla popolazione, si è ritenuto opportuno di agire sui ragazzi e di farlo in modo stimolante e divertente attraverso un Videogioco che catturi la loro attenzione in modo da portarli a scoprire le soluzioni più adeguate da adottare per individuare/evitare/gestire i pericoli legati a quello che spesso viene definito anche “carburante delle eruzioni”, i gas vulcanici. Le attività che hanno portato alla realizzazione di questo lavoro (e nello specifico del videogioco) sono state svolte nell’ambito del Progetto Europeo RESPIRE – Radon rEal time monitoring System and proactive Indoor Remediation (LIFE16ENV/IT/000553) e con la collaborazione di un Tirocinante del Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica Applicata dell’Università degli Studi di Salerno. Il lavoro è stato descritto e sintetizzato in questo Report attraverso varie sezioni. La prima in cui si descrive la problematica dei Gas Vulcanici e della loro pericolosità; l’importanza e i vantaggi derivati dall’utilizzo di un videogioco come strumento di apprendimento; l’obiettivo che il videogioco si prefigge di raggiungere. Una seconda sezione in cui, in prima istanza, si evidenzia l’importanza di sviluppare un videogioco a partire da un Motore Grafico che consente di tralasciare i dettagli hardware e software di basso livello e di concentrarsi maggiormente sull’interattività e sulle regole del gioco, e in seconda istanza si descrivono le caratteristiche principali del motore grafico alla base del gioco (RPG Maker MV).Una terza sezione in cui viene presentato il videogioco sviluppato denominato “GioGas”; nello specifico, la sua trama, l’interfaccia grafica che lo caratterizza e alcuni sui dettagli implementativi. Infine, una sezione in cui vengono descritti gli sviluppi futuri come ad esempio la divulgazione presso le scuole e in occasione di eventi, l’implementazione di una versione multiplayer del gioco al fine di aggiungere ulteriori elementi di stimolo e di coinvolgimento per lo studente.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: edutainment ; pericolosità gas vulcanici ; video game ; volcanic gas hazard ; radon
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: PGS1 is a new compact portable seismic station, designed at INGV OBS and Earth Lab, that is specifically intended for the deployment of dense arrays of seismographs on-shore. With its low cost, compact design, high data-quality and long battery life, PGS1 is a perfect solution for seismic monitoring networks. PGS1 design is based on a solid polypropylene suitcase, containing a complete data acquisition system, two battery packs and a photovoltaic panel. The new Earth Lab 5s medium-period seismic sensor is included. The whole system meets the IP67 standard requirements both in transport and in acquisition configuration. PGS1 is normally equipped with one battery pack, one more pack can be added inside the suitcase achieving 40 days of battery life. The station is equipped with a photovoltaic panel, useful to extend the deployment length. Inside the suitcase, there are compartments where to store the seismic sensor, the photovoltaic panel and all the cables. Therefore, the station is very easy to transport.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE105
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Portable seismic station ; sesimic monitoring network ; PGS1 ; ETL3D/5s ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: We report on the results of an extensive geochemical survey of fluids released in the Vardar zone (central-western Serbia), a mega-suture zone at the boundary between Eurasia and Africa plates. Thirty-one bubbling gas samples are investigated for their chemical and isotopic compositions (He, C, Ar) and cluster into three distinct groups (CO2-dominated, N2-dominated, and CH4-dominated) based on the dominant gas species. The measured He isotope ratios range from 0.08 to 1.19 Ra (where Ra is the atmospheric ratio), and reveal for the first time the presence of a minor (〈20%) but detectable regional mantle-derived component in Serbia. δ13C values range from −20.2‰ to −0.1‰ (versus PDB), with the more negative compositions observed in N2-dominated samples. The carbon-helium relationship indicates that these negative δ13C compositions could be due to isotopic fractionation processes during CO2 dissolution into groundwater. In contrast, CO2-rich samples reflect mixing between crustal and mantle-derived CO2. Our estimated mantle-derived He flux (9.0 × 109 atoms m−2 s−1) is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the typical fluxes in stable continental areas, suggesting a structural/tectonic setting favoring the migration of deep-mantle fluids through the crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2021GC010017
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: In this study, we assess the spectral characteristics of seismic noise at the sites of the Italian Seismic Network and its spatio-temporal variability. The evaluation of noise is crucial for the assessment of the detection capability of a seismic network. We selected a set of 233 stations, those equipped with broadband velocimeters (with corner period urn:x-wiley:23335084:media:ess2910:ess2910-math-0001 40 s) and operating continuously for at least four consecutive years. The analysis was carried out in the frequency band from 0.025 to 30 Hz, in accordance with the seismic sensors bandwidth. We estimated the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the seismic noise for fixed temporal windows and then we calculated the Probability Density Functions (PDF) at each station. Exploiting the large data set available, we have been able to: (a) describe the characteristics of the noise power at each site; (b) investigate both temporal and spatial variations of the background noise, revealing correlations of the noise levels with natural and anthropogenic noise sources; (c) propose an empirical relationship linking the “microseismic” noise (i.e., 0.12–1.2 Hz) with the geographical features of the site hosting the seismic station; (d) establish the baselines of a new seismic noise model that could be considered as a new reference for the Italian territory.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2020EA001579
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-12-10
    Description: Groundwater close to three municipal solid waste landfll sites in Sicily (southern Italy) was sampled to determine the presence of contaminants and the risk associated with its possible use as drinking and sanitary water. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and metals were investigated. These target compounds are the most common pollutants present in leachates. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS, US EPA) was used to assess human health risk. Ingestion, dermal, and total exposure to these xenobiotic contaminants in groundwater were evaluated, and the cancer and non-cancer risk indexes were calculated. The results revealed that, while the groundwater complied with Italian Drinking Water Directive 30/2001, it did not comply with the "good environmental state" criteria of Directive 30/2009 at two of the three sites investigated. Worrying results were revealed by the risk assessment at the investigated sites. Cancer and non-cancer risk indexes indicated a probable risk, mainly due to dermal exposure to groundwater. These results underline the importance of assessing the risk for all possible routes, evaluating not only ingestion but also dermal exposure, especially when organic pollutants are present. The results of this study show that human health risk has probably been underestimated in the past, as dermal exposure to organic pollutants has only rarely been evaluated in the literature.
    Description: Published
    Description: 535–550
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Human health risk ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Dioxin PCDD/Fs ; Toxic elements ; Environmental quality standard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wallace, E. J., Donnelly, J. P., van Hengstum, P. J., Winkler, T. S., McKeon, K., MacDonald, D., d'Entremont, N. E., Sullivan, R. M., Woodruff, J. D., Hawkes, A. D., & Maio, C. 1,050 years of hurricane strikes on long island in the Bahamas. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 36(3), (2021): e2020PA004156, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004156.
    Description: Sedimentary records of past hurricane activity indicate centennial-scale periods over the past millennium with elevated hurricane activity. The search for the underlying mechanism behind these active hurricane periods is confounded by regional variations in their timing. Here, we present a new high resolution paleohurricane record from The Bahamas with a synthesis of published North Atlantic records over the past millennium. We reconstruct hurricane strikes over the past 1,050 years in sediment cores from a blue hole on Long Island in The Bahamas. Coarse-grained deposits in these cores date to the close passage of seven hurricanes over the historical interval. We find that the intensity and angle of approach of these historical storms plays an important role in inducing storm surge near the site. Our new record indicates four active hurricane periods on Long Island that conflict with published records on neighboring islands (Andros and Abaco Island). We demonstrate these three islands do not sample the same storms despite their proximity, and we compile these reconstructions together to create the first regional compilation of annually resolved paleohurricane records in The Bahamas. Integrating our Bahamian compilation with compiled records from the U.S. coastline indicates basin-wide increased storminess during the Medieval Warm Period. Afterward, the hurricane patterns in our Bahamian compilation match those reconstructed along the U.S. East Coast but not in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. This disconnect may result from shifts in local environmental conditions in the North Atlantic or shifts in hurricane populations from straight-moving to recurving storms over the past millennium.
    Description: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (to E. J. W.), the Dalio Explore Foundation, and National Science Foundation grant OCE-1356708 (to J. P. D. and P. J. vH.).
    Keywords: Bahamas ; Blue holes ; Carbonates ; Paleohurricanes ; Sediment cores
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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