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  • Articles  (21)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology  (10)
  • Etna  (6)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy  (5)
  • American Geophysical Union  (10)
  • Elsevier  (10)
  • Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg
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  • Articles  (21)
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  • 1
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    Predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna (Italy) (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Forecasting the time, nature and impact of future eruptions is difficult at volcanoes such as Mount Etna, in Italy, where eruptions occur from the summit and on the flanks, affecting areas distant from each other. Nonetheless, the identification and quantification of areas at risk from new eruptions is fundamental for mitigating potential human casualties and material damage. Here, we present new results from the application of a methodology to define flexible high-resolution lava invasion susceptibility maps based on a reliable computational model for simulating lava flows at Etna and on a validation procedure for assessing the correctness of susceptibility mapping in the study area. Furthermore, specific scenarios can be extracted at any time from the simulation database, for land-use and civil defence planning in the long-term, to quantify, in real-time, the impact of an imminent eruption, and to assess the efficiency of protective measures.
    Description: This work was sponsored by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research, FIRB project n° RBAU01RMZ4 “Lava flow simulations by Cellular Automata”, and by the National Civil Defence Department and INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), project V3_6/09 “V3_6 – Etna”.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: lava flows ; Etna ; hazard evaluation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    The 512 AD eruption of Vesuvius: complex dynamics of a small scale subplinian event (2012)
    Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the products of the hitherto poorly known 512 AD eruption at Vesuvius, Italy. The deposit records a complex sequence of eruptive events, and it has been subdivided into eight main units, composed of stratified scoria lapilli or thin subordinate ash-rich layers. All the units formed by deposition from tephra fallout, pyroclastic density currents of limited extent being restricted to the initial stages of the eruption (U2). The main part of the deposit (U3 and U5) is characterized by a striking grain size alternation of fine to coarse lapilli, similar to that often described for mid-intensity, explosive eruptions. The erupted products have a phonotephritic composition, with progressively less evolved composition from the base to the top of the stratigraphic sequence. Based on different dispersal, sedimentological and textural features of the products, we identify five phases related to different eruptive styles: opening phase (U1, U2), subplinian phase (U3 to U5), pulsatory phreatomagmatic phase (U6), violent strombolian phase (U7) and final ash-dominated phase (U8). A DRE volume of 0.025 km3 has been calculated for the total fallout deposit. Most of the magma was erupted during the subplinian phase; lithic dispersal data indicate peak column heights of between 10 and 15 km, which correspond to a mass discharge rate (MDR) of 5×106 kg s1. The lower intensity, violent strombolian phase coincided with the eruption of the least evolved magma; a peak column height of 69 km, corresponding to an MDR of 1×106 kg s1, is estimated from field data. Phreatomagmatic activity played a minor role in the eruption, only contributing to the ash-rich deposits of U1, U4, U6 and U8. The two most striking features of the 512 AD eruption are the recurrent shifting of the eruption style and the pulsatory nature of the subplinian phase. Basing on a large set of observational data, we propose a model to explain this complex dynamics, also observed in other eruptions of similar scale from Vesuvius and elsewhere. The inbalance between the rates of magma supply and magma eruption may have caused the frequent changes in the eruptive style. Conversely, the high frequency oscillations of magma discharge recorded by the deposits of the subplinian phase were possibly related to cyclic instabilities in the permeability of the low viscosity magma column, which modulated magma fragmentation and discharge.
    Description: Published
    Description: 789-810
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Subplinian ; Vesuvius ; Magma fragmentation ; Phreatomagmatism ; Eruption dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Shifting styles of basaltic explosive activity during the 2002-03 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2002–03 flank eruption of Etna was characterized by two months of explosive activity that produced copious ash fallout, constituting a major source of hazard and damage over all eastern Sicily. Most of the tephra were erupted from vents at 2750 and 2800 m elevation on the S flank of the volcano, where different eruptive styles alternated. The dominant style of explosive activity consisted of discrete to pulsing magma jets mounted by wide ash plumes, which we refer to as ash-rich jets and plumes. Similarly, ash-rich explosive activity was also briefly observed during the 2001 flank eruption of Etna, but is otherwise fairly uncommon in the recent history of Etna. Here, we describe the features of the 2002–03 explosive activity and compare it with the 2001 eruption in order to characterize ash-rich jets and plumes and their transition with other eruptive styles, including Strombolian and ash explosions, mainly through chemical, componentry and morphology investigations of erupted ash. Past models explain the transition between different styles of basaltic explosive activity only in terms of flow conditions of gas and liquid. Our findings suggest that the abundant presence of a solid phase (microlites) may also control vent degassing and consequent magma fragmentation and eruptive style. In fact, in contrast with the Strombolian or Hawaiian microlite-poor, fluidal, sideromelane clasts, ash-rich jets and plumes produce crystal-rich tachylite clasts with evidence of brittle fragmentation, suggesting that high groundmass crystallinity of the very top part of the magma column may reduce bubble movement while increasing fragmentation efficiency.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110-122
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna ; basaltic explosive activity ; ash-rich jet and plume ; tachylite ; sideromelane ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Morphometry of scoria cones located on a volcano flank: A case study from Mt. Etna (Italy), based on high-resolution LiDAR data (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: By using new high-resolution (2 m) digital elevation model derived from the 2005 LiDAR survey of Mt. Etna volcano (Italy), our study measured the classical morphometrical parameters for scoria cones, i.e. Wco (cone width), Wcr (crater diameter), H (cone height) as well as volume, inclination of cone slope and substrate, and a number of other parameters for 135 scoria cones of Mt. Etna. Volume and age distribution of cones shows that there is no direct structural control on their emplacement in terms of Etna's rift zones. The cones are progressively smaller in size toward summit, which can be explained by the large volcano's feeding system and progressively frequent lava burial toward top. A careful analysis of H/Wco ratio (determined as 0.18 for other volcanic fields worldwide) shows that this ratio strongly depends on (1) the calculation method of H and (2) lava burial of cone. For Etnean cones, applying an improved method for calculating H relative to the dipping substrate results in a significantly lowered standard H/Wco ratio (0.137), which in turn questions the validity of the classical value of 0.18 in the case of large central volcanoes. The reduction of the ratio is not only due to methodology but also to the common lava burial. This can be expressed even better if Hmean is used instead of Hmax (Hmean/Wco = 0.098). Using this measure, at Etna, well formed cones have higher ratios than structurally deformed (e. g. double or rifted) cones. Furthermore, although the sampled scoria cones at Etna have formed in a relatively narrow time interval (〈 6500 yrs BP), there is a slight decrease in H/Wco corresponding to erosional changes detected globally (H/Wco = 0.143, 0.135 and 0.115 for three age classes of Etna's scoria cones, corresponding to average slopes of 26.6, 23.9 and 23.7°). Because the morphometrical effect of position on a dipping substrate as well as lava burial exceeds the effect of erosion, we call attention to use caution in simply using the H/Wco ratio of scoria cones for detecting age, especially on large active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 320-330
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: scoria cone ; morphometry ; Etna ; H/Wco ratio ; DEM analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.06. Methods::05.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 5
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    Patterns in the recent 2007–2008 activity of Mount Etna volcano investigated by integrated geophysical and geochemical observations (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union
    Description: Seismic, deformation, and volcanic gas observations offer independent and complementary information on the activity state and dynamics of quiescent and eruptive volcanoes and thus all contribute to volcanic risk assessment. In spite of their wide use, there have been only a few efforts to systematically integrate and compare the results of these different monitoring techniques. Here we combine seismic (volcanic tremor and long‐period seismicity), deformation (GPS), and geochemical (volcanic gas plume CO2/SO2 ratios) measurements in an attempt to interpret trends in the recent (2007–2008) activity of Etna volcano. We show that each eruptive episode occurring at the Southeast Crater (SEC) was preceded by a cyclic phase of increase‐decrease of plume CO2/SO2 ratios and by inflation of the volcano’s summit captured by the GPS network. These observations are interpreted as reflecting the persistent supply of CO2‐rich gas bubbles (and eventually more primitive magmas) to a shallow (depth of 1–2.8 km asl) magma storage zone below the volcano’s central craters (CCs). Overpressuring of the resident magma stored in the upper CCs’ conduit triggers further magma ascent and finally eruption at SEC, a process which we capture as an abrupt increase in tremor amplitude, an upward (〉2800 m asl) and eastward migration of the source location of seismic tremor, and a rapid contraction of the volcano’s summit. Resumption of volcanic activity at SEC was also systematically anticipated by declining plume CO2/SO2 ratios, consistent with magma degassing being diverted from the central conduit area (toward SEC).
    Description: Published
    Description: Q09008
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcano monitoring ; Mt. Etna volcano ; geochemistry and geophysics ; volcanic tremor ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 6
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    Response of Mount Etna to dynamic stresses from distant earthquakes (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Influences of distant earthquakes on volcanic systems by dynamic stress transfer are well documented. We analyzed seismic signals and volcanic activity at Mount Etna during two periods, January 2006 and May 2008, that clearly showed variations coincident with distant earthquakes. In the first period, characterized by mild volcano activity, the effect of the dynamic stress transfer, caused by an earthquake in Greece (M = 6.8), was twofold: (1) banded tremor activity changed its features and almost disappeared; (2) a swarm of volcano‐tectonic (VT) earthquakes took place. The changes of the banded tremor were likely due to variations in rock permeability, caused by fluid flows driven by dynamic strain. The VT earthquake swarm probably developed as a secondary process, promoted by the dynamically triggered activation of magmatic fluids. The second period, May 2008, showed an intense explosive activity. During this interval, the dynamic stress transfer, associated with the arrival of the seismic waves of the Sichuan earthquake (M = 7.9), affected the character of the seismo‐volcanic signals and on the following day triggered an eruption. In particular, we observed changes in volcanic tremor and increases of both occurrence rate and energy of long period events. In this case, we suggest that dynamic stress transfer caused nucleation of new bubbles in volatile‐rich magma bodies with consequent buildup of pressure, highlighted by the increase of long period activity, followed by the occurrence of an eruption. We conclude that stresses from distant earthquakes are capable of modifying the state of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12304
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna volcano ; dynamic stress transfer ; triggered eruption ; triggered seismicity ; volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Insights into magma and f luid transfer at Mount Etna by a multiparametric approach: A model of the events leading to the 2011 eruptive cycle (2013)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Since the second half of the 1990s, the eruptive activity of Mount Etna has provided evidence that both explosive and effusive eruptions display periodic variations in discharge and eruption style. In this work, a multiparametric approach, consisting of comparing volcanological, geophysical, and geochemical data, was applied to explore the volcano's dynamics during 2009–2011. In particular, temporal and/or spatial variations of seismicity (volcano-tectonic earthquakes, volcanic tremor, and long-period and very long period events), ground deformation (GPS and tiltmeter data), and geochemistry (SO2 flux, CO2 flux, CO2/SO2 ratio) were studied to understand the volcanic activity, as well as to investigate magma movement in both deep and shallow portions of the plumbing system, feeding the 2011 eruptive period. After the volcano deflation, accompanying the onset of the 2008–2009 eruption, a new recharging phase began in August 2008. This new volcanic cycle evolved from an initial recharge phase of the intermediate-shallower plumbing system and inflation, followed by (i) accelerated displacement in the volcano's eastern flank since April 2009 and (ii) renewal of summit volcanic activity during the second half of 2010, culminating in 2011 in a cyclic eruptive behavior with 18 lava fountains from New Southeast Crater (NSEC). Furthermore, supported by the geochemical data, the inversion of ground deformation GPS data and the locations of the tremor sources are used here to constrain both the area and the depth range of magma degassing, allowing reconstructing the intermediate and shallow storage zones feeding the 2011 cyclic fountaining NSEC activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3519–3539
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Mt Etna ; seismology ; ground deformation ; geochemistry ; volcanology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    New insights into banded tremor from the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We investigated the banded tremor activity occurring at Mt. Etna volcano between August-October 2008 during the 2008-2009 eruption. The banded tremor occurred in episodes lasting 25-30 minutes with intervals in between the episodes of about 25 minutes. Seismic signal analyses showed that the banded tremor was characterised by spectral contents, wavefields and source locations that differed from the “ordinary” volcanic tremor. The infrasound recordings exhibited an intermittent infrasonic tremor alternating with the banded tremor episodes. Finally, nonlinear analyses suggested that banded tremor system can be considered chaotic, implying: i) sensitive dependence on initial conditions, suggesting not only that a banded tremor system requires particular conditions to generate, but also that slight variations of these conditions are able to greatly change the features of the banded tremor or even to stop it; ii) long-term unpredictability, that is, the impossibility to forecast the long-term evolution of the banded tremor. On the basis of all these results and analogies with geyser models, we suggest a model of banded tremor that invokes alternating recharge-discharge phases. Banded tremor is due to “perturbations” in shallow aquifers, such as fluid movement and bubble growth or collapse due to hydrothermal boiling, triggered by the heat and hot fluid transfer from the underlying magma bodies. This heat-fluid transfer also causes an increasing pressure in the aquifer leading to fluid-discharge. During this process the seismic radiation decreases and, if the fluid-discharge is well coupled with the atmosphere, acoustic signals are generated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Banded tremor ; Mt. Etna volcano ; volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Magma dynamics of 2007 Stromboli effusive eruption as revealed by high precision location of seismic events. (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Stromboli is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the world, and its persistent but moderate explosive activity is only interrupted by occasional episodes of more vigorous activity accompanied by lava flows. A new effusive eruption began in late February, 2007 and was characterised by intense seismic activity throughout the whole period. The accurate seismic signals analysis showed the presence of families of events with similar waveform signatures (i.e. multiplets) located beneath the crater region. Since traditional location techniques do not allow obtaining reliable hypocentres, our analysis focused on high precision locations of the seismicity, in order to better define the source geometry of the events. Hypocentres, therefore, have been relocated considering two steps: the first, based on a robust probabilistic approach, is used to find the absolute position of the clusters; the second exploits a master-event concept for the relative location of the events. Finally, the shape of the clusters and the temporal migration of the foci were correlated with the eruptive phases. The results show that the occurrence of a cluster of events is related to the opening and closure of a vent opened in the Sciara del Fuoco slope and, in particular, to the intrusion of a dike injected by central conduit in a radial direction, whereas another cluster lies in a narrow vertical volume positioned under the crater area. The geometry of the clusters suggests a source region depicting the shallower feeding system. Overall, the results highlight that the high precision locations method is an efficient and quick tool to obtain a better understanding of the magmatic processes occurring during an ongoing eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 405-415
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: eruption ; high precision location ; seismic swarms ; magma dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Flank instability structure of Mt. Etna inferred by a magnetotelluric survey (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper presents a magnetotelluric (MT) survey of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We take thirty soundings along two profiles oriented in the N-S and NW-SE directions, and from these data recover two 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. Both models reveal three major layers in a resistive-conductive-resistive sequence, the deepest extending to 14 km bsl. The shallow layer corresponds to the volcanic cover, and the intermediate conductive layer corresponds to underlying sediments segmented by faults. These two electrical units are cut by E-W-striking faults. The third layer (basement) is interpreted as mainly pertinent to the Apennine-Maghrebian Chain associated with SW-NE-striking regional faults. The detailed shapes of the resistivity profiles clearly show that the NE Rift is shallow-rooted ( 0–1 km bsl), thus presumably fed by lateral dikes from the central volcano conduit. The NW-SE profile suggests by a series of listric faults reaching up to 3 km bsl, then becoming almost horizontal. Toward the SE, the resistive basement dramatically dips (from 3 km to 10 km bsl), in correspondence with the Timpe Fault System. Several high-conductivity zones close to the main faults suggest the presence of hydrothermal activity and fluid circulation that could enhance flank instability. Our results provide new findings about the geometry of the unstable Etna flank and its relation to faults and subsurface structures.
    Description: This paper presents a magnetotelluric (MT) survey of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We take thirty soundings along two profiles oriented in the N-S and NW-SE directions, and from these data recover two 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. Both models reveal three major layers in a resistive-conductive-resistive sequence, the deepest extending to 14 km bsl. The shallow layer corresponds to the volcanic cover, and the intermediate conductive layer corresponds to underlying sediments segmented by faults. These two electrical units are cut by E-W-striking faults. The third layer (basement) is interpreted as mainly pertinent to the Apennine-Maghrebian Chain associated with SW-NE-striking regional faults. The detailed shapes of the resistivity profiles clearly show that the NE Rift is shallow-rooted ( 0–1 km bsl), thus presumably fed by lateral dikes from the central volcano conduit. The NW-SE profile suggests by a series of listric faults reaching up to 3 km bsl, then becoming almost horizontal. Toward the SE, the resistive basement dramatically dips (from 3 km to 10 km bsl), in correspondence with the Timpe Fault System. Several high-conductivity zones close to the main faults suggest the presence of hydrothermal activity and fluid circulation that could enhance flank instability. Our results provide new findings about the geometry of the unstable Etna flank and its relation to faults and subsurface structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: B03216
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Etna ; magnetotelluric ; flank instability ; volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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