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  • Chemistry  (454)
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  • 1955-1959  (421)
  • 1
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    An assessment of two decades of contaminant monitoring in the Nation’s Coastal Zone. (2021)
    NOAA/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science | Silver Spring, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2232 | 403 | 2014-02-21 01:55:57 | 2232 | United States National Ocean Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-12
    Description: Executive Summary:Information found in this report covers the years 1986 through 2005. Mussel Watch began monitoring a suite of trace metals and organic contaminants such as DDT, PCBs and PAHs. Through time additional chemicals were added, and today approximately 140 analytes are monitored. The Mussel Watch Program is the longest running estuarine and coastal pollutant monitoring effort conducted in the United States that is national in scope each year. Hundreds of scientific journal articles and technical reports based on Mussel Watch data have been written; however, this report is the first that presents local, regional and national findingsacross all years in a Quick Reference format, suitable for use by policy makers, scientists, resource managers and the general public.Pollution often starts at the local scale where high concentrations point to a specific source of contamination, yet some contaminants such as PCBs are atmospherically transported across regional and national scales, resulting in contamination far from their origin. Findings presented here showed few national trends for trace metals and decreasing trends for most organic contaminants; however, a wide variety of trends, both increasing and decreasing, emerge at regional and local levels. For most organic contaminants, trends have resulted from state andfederal regulation. The highest concentrations for both metal and organic contaminants are found near urban and industrial areas.In addition to monitoring throughout the nation’s coastal shores and Great Lakes, Mussel Watch samples are stored in a specimen bank so that trends can be determined retrospectively for new and emerging contaminants ofconcern. For example, there is heightened awareness of a group of flame retardants that are finding their way into the marine environment. These compounds, known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are now being studied using historic samples from the specimen bank and current samples to determine their spatial distribution. We will continue to use this kind of investigation to assess new contaminant threats.We hope you find this document to be valuable, and thatyou continue to look towards the Mussel Watch Programfor information on the condition of your coastal waters. (PDF contains 118 pages)
    Description: Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment
    Keywords: Ecology ; Pollution ; Environment ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bubbling and stirring on mass transfer coefficients in liquids (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 411-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene by means of a suspended palladium-alumina catalyst in a stirred reactor the mass transfer of hydrogen through the liquid is the rate-controlling step and the resistance to chemical reaction at the catalyst surface is negligible except at extremely rapid rates of stirring. This system therefore provides an excellent means of establishing the effects of operating variables and mechanical construction on mass transfer coefficients in liquids in stirred reactors. It is convenient to consider the total resistance to mass transfer as consisting of two separate resistaces: in the liquid adjoining the bubbles and in the liquid adjoining the suspended solid particles; thus R = Rb + Rs.A general equation was evaluated from experimental data based upon unit volume of liquid.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030323
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption phase equilibrium correlations: Light-hydrocarbon vapors on activated charcoal (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data correlations are presented for equilibrium adsorption of pure hydrocarbon vapors and their mixtures. The systems represented are C1 to C4 hydrocarbons (olefins and paraffins) on gas-adsorbent grades of activated charcoal. The mixture data are limited to binary and ternary gas systems. The adsorption conditions represented among the correlated data cover ranges of 77° to 175°F. temperature and 0 to 100 lb./sq. in. gauge. With the use of empirical adsorption constants, a common correlation of specific adsorption capacity for the various hydrocarbons is presented; it applies for either pure components or their mixtures. A correlation is given also for adsorption relative volatilities. Approximate adsorption heats, a limited amount of high-temperature steam adsorption data, and sample calculations on applications of the correlations are included. The prediction methods are recommended for adsorption conditions up to 250°F. and 250 lb/sq. in. gauge for the particular systems studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020114
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perforated plate efficiency-effect of design and operating variables (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 465-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental plate efficiency and pressure drop data were obtained on the n-octane-toluene system in a 5 plate, 6 in. diam. column at atmospheric pressure. Hole sizes of 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 5.68 and 12.5% free areas; weir heights of 1, 2, and 3 in.; and plate spacings of 6, 12, 18, and 24 in. were studied. Reflux ratios of one, two, four, five, ten, and total were utilized to determine the effect on efficiency.It was found that hole diameter, free area, plate spacing, and a wide range of reflux ratio had relatively small effect on efficiency and pressure drop; however weir height and lower reflux showed relatively larger effects on both variables.Efficiencies and pressure drops were lower than those predicted from published correlations particularly at low flow rates.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040416
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of zirconium in liquid-sodium systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The attractive nuclear properties of zirconium make it a highly desirable core material for sodium-cooled reactors. The elevated temperature strength while low is sufficient for certain applications. Development of higher strength alloys is underway. Sodium in itself is completely compatible with zirconium; however, the nonmetallic contaminants, namely oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, can effect serious damage. The primary problem in the use of zirconium in a sodium system, then, lies in controlling these impurities in the sodium.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020209
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature stability and homogeneity of polystyrene-polyethylene graftsWork done under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1 (1959), S. 371-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070010316
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density, crystallinity, and heptane insolubility in isotactic polypropylenePresented in part at the Eleventh Annual Meeting-in-Miniature of the American Chemical Society, Seton Hall University, South Orange, N. J., January 26, 1959. (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 166-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the density of a large number of experimental isotactic polypropylenes have shown that the specific volume is linearly related to per cent crystallinity as determined from x-ray data. The density is also linearly related to the absorbance of certain absorption bands in the infrared spectrum of isotactic polypropylene. The infrared data allow a determination of the density of the amorphous polymer which is in good agreement with literature values and with a value determined from the x-ray data by extrapolation to zero crystallinity. It is found that there is a rough, approximately linear correlation between crystallinity (by density) of unextracted polypropylene and the per cent insoluble residue remaining after extraction with boiling n-heptane or after successive extraction with other solvents and heptane. In all instances, the amount of residue exceeds the crystalline content. The crystallinity-insolubility relationship is influenced by molecular weight (as judged by intrinsic viscosity). An increase in crystallinity at constant [η] corresponds to an increase in insolubility; at constant crystallinity, a larger [η] corresponds to greater insolubility. In terms of density, the unextracted polymer may not be regarded as simply a mixture of two well-defined components, since the density of insoluble residue increases with the density of the whole polymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070020506
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of temperature rise in crosslinking of unsaturated polyesters by the use of gamma radiation initiation (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 368-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070020622
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of chain length by light scattering without knowledge of concentration (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120178315
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystal structure of polycaproamide: Nylon 6 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 159-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystal structure of nylon 6 (—NH (CH2)5CO—)p has been determined by interpretation of the x-ray diffraction patterns given by drawn, rolled fibers. The determination was part of a program to investigate the relation between structure and physical properties, in particular melting point. Nylon 6 melts 50°C. lower than its isomer nylon 66 (—NH (CH2)6NH·CO (CH2)4CO—)p; it had been suggested that this was due to deficient hydrogen-bond formation in nylon 6 crystallites. The unit cell contains eight chemical units (—NH (CH2)5CO—) and is monoclinic with a = 9.56 A., b = 17.24 A., c = 8.01 A., and β = 671/2°. Calculated density = 1.23. Observed density for a drawn monofilament = 1.16. The structure consists of planar chains of CH2 groups and amide groups tilted 7° from the (001) plane. Alternate chains in this plane are oppositely directed, an arrangement which allows all hydrogen bonds to be made perfectly. The hydrogen-bonded sheets of atoms are packed in an “up-and-down” staggered configuration along the c-axis. Distances between atoms in neighboring molecules are all normal van der Waals contact distances. It appears, from a general survey of polyamide melting points published elsewhere, that the determining factor is the number of CH2 groups between the amide “anchor points” - polymers with odd numbers of CH2 groups melt lower than those with even numbers. The present work shows that the odd number of CH2 groups in this polymer does not lead to deficient hydrogenbond formation, and that the lower melting point of nylon 6 as compared with nylon 66 must be ascribed to some other cause, possibly connected with the propagation of vibrations along odd-numbered chain segments.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120178401
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