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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Reproductive strategies such as sexual reproduction and recombination that involve the shuffling of parental genomes for the production of offspring are ubiquitous in nature. However, their evolutionary benefit remains unclear. Many theories have identified potential benefits, but progress is hampered by the scarcity of relevant data. One class of theories is based on the assumption that mutations affecting fitness exhibit negative epistasis. Retroviruses recombine frequently and thus provide a unique opportunity to test these theories. Using amino acid sequence data and fitness values from 9466 human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) isolates, we find in contrast to these theories strong statistical evidence for a predominance of positive epistasis in HIV-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonhoeffer, Sebastian -- Chappey, Colombe -- Parkin, Neil T -- Whitcomb, Jeanette M -- Petropoulos, Christos J -- R43 AI050321/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R43 AI057068/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1547-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolution, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. seb@env.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids ; Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Protease/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV-1/drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Software ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: Skeletal muscle adapts to decreases in activity and load by undergoing atrophy. To identify candidate molecular mediators of muscle atrophy, we performed transcript profiling. Although many genes were up-regulated in a single rat model of atrophy, only a small subset was universal in all atrophy models. Two of these genes encode ubiquitin ligases: Muscle RING Finger 1 (MuRF1), and a gene we designate Muscle Atrophy F-box (MAFbx), the latter being a member of the SCF family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Overexpression of MAFbx in myotubes produced atrophy, whereas mice deficient in either MAFbx or MuRF1 were found to be resistant to atrophy. These proteins are potential drug targets for the treatment of muscle atrophy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bodine, S C -- Latres, E -- Baumhueter, S -- Lai, V K -- Nunez, L -- Clarke, B A -- Poueymirou, W T -- Panaro, F J -- Na, E -- Dharmarajan, K -- Pan, Z Q -- Valenzuela, D M -- DeChiara, T M -- Stitt, T N -- Yancopoulos, G D -- Glass, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1704-8. Epub 2001 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Creatine Kinase/genetics ; Creatine Kinase, MM Form ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Hindlimb Suspension ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Isoenzymes/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle Denervation ; Muscle Proteins/genetics ; Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development/*metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Muscular Atrophy/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; MyoD Protein/genetics ; Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5 ; Myogenin/genetics ; Peptide Synthases/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases ; *Trans-Activators ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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