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  • Articles  (141)
  • Springer  (77)
  • Springer Nature  (41)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (23)
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  • 2000-2004  (30)
  • 1965-1969  (16)
  • 1955-1959  (8)
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  • 1935-1939  (28)
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  • Articles  (141)
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  • 1
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 212 (1968), S. 83-103 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of the hydrodynamic model the exact coupling constants of the coupling of the giant multipole resonances to the surface quadrupole oscillations of nuclei are derived. The differences to former variational calculations are discussed. It is found that the coupling constants for the terms linear in the surface variables are almost the same whereas the coupling constants for the quadratic terms differ appreciably. The influence on the photon absorption and scattering cross sections of spherical nuclei is discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Keywords: dialogue systems ; multilingual NL generation ; natural language processing ; public administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Law
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents two projects concerned with the application of natural language processing technology for improving communication between Public Administration and citizens. The first project, GIST,is concerned with automatic multilingual generation of instructional texts for form-filling. The second project, TAMIC, aims at providing an interface for interactive access to information, centered on natural language processing and supposed to be used by the clerk but with the active participation of the citizen.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 59 (1969), S. 228-256 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An area of about 200 sq.m., consisting of epimetamorphic Precambrian schists and granites in the northern parts of the Tibesti mountains was studied by geologic interpretation of small scale aerial photographs. The scope of work was the evaluation of the structural trends in the basement complex, the distribution of lengths and azimuts of the fracture pattern, and a quantitative asessment of the drainage system. Plotting of the photogeologic and drainage map was done by a third order instrument, the ZEISS Stereotop. The network of pass points used in stereoplotting was established by slotted templet radial triangulation at a scale of 1∶50000. Fracture trace analysis showed that the fracture pattern is not related to the fold structures of the bedrock, but to a younger wrench fault system with a master shear direction of 30°. The drainage network is mature in spite of only episodic rainfalls. 15 drainage basins of 3rd to 5th order magnitude were examined closely, and channel orders, numbers and lengths as well as basin areas were determined.Horton's law of stream numbers is observed closely by all basins in spite of obvious structural control. The weighted mean bifurcation ratio is fairly constant around the value of 4.10. Mean channel lengths seem to be more sensitive to structural control, as deviations of measurements fromHorton's second law are noticeable in many basins. Drainage densities are closely grouped around a mean value of 3.53. The relation between drainage density and channel frequency found byMelton is maintained, but the values tend to be somewhat lower than described originally. Influence of fracture directions on the drainage pattern is obvious in the distribution of azimuts. ASpearman rank correlation test showed significant control of the drainage network by the directions of the fracture system. The use of aerial photographs in quantitative evaluations of fracture and drainage patterns may, in many cases, result in the procurement of more accurate data in much shorter time than by conventional methods.
    Abstract: Résumé L'interprétation photogéologique d'une région de schistes précambriens épimétamorphiques d'environ 500 km2 au versant nord du Tibesti a été effectuée en vue d'une étude quantitative des grandes structures et des réseaux de fractures et de drainage. L'analyse statistique des fractures a prouvé que les directions dominantes du réseau de fractures ne sont pas liées au plissement mais à un «wrench fault system» au sens deMoody &Hill (1956). On a pu détérminer l'ordre, le nombre et les longueurs des segments de drainage ainsi que la surface des bassins du réseau de drainage, bien développé malgré les pluies rares mais intenses. Le contrôle structural du réseau de drainage présente un écart relativement faible de la 1ère loi deHorton. Le système de drainage s'accorde toutefois moins bien à la 2e loi deHorton, manifestement plus sensitive. Sur un sous-sol uniforme au point de vue lithologique, le rapport de bifurcation est assez constant autour de la valeur moyenne Rh=4.10. La relation entre la densité du réseau de drainage et la fréquence des segments découverte parMelton (1958) s'est confirmée. La comparaison des directions des réseaux de fractures et de drainage démontre nettement l'influence, prouvée par un test de corrélationSpearman, des directions tectoniques sur le système de drainage. L'analyse photogéologique de photographies aériennes permet une étude quantitative de réseux de fractures et de drainage en moins de temps et avec une précision souvent supérieure aux mesures faites sur des cartes ou sur le terrain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Bereich präkambrischer epizonal metamorpher Schiefer von rund 500 km2 am Nordabfall des Tibestigebirges wurde eine photogeologische Untersuchung durchgeführt, um neben den Großstrukturen das Kluftnetz und das Entwässerungsnetz möglichst quantitativ zu erfassen. Die statistische Kluftanalyse ergab, daß die vorherrschenden Richtungen des Kluftnetzes genetisch nicht mit dem Faltenbau in Verbindung gebracht werden können, sondern an ein „wrench fault system“ im Sinne vonMoody &Hill (1956) gebunden sind. An dem voll entwickelten Entwässerungsnetz von Trockentälern, die nur während der episodischen, aber intensiven Regenfälle Wasser führen, wurden die Ordnungen, Anzahlen und Längen der Talsegmente sowie die Fläche der einzelnen Entwässerungsbecken bestimmt. Die bei struktureller Kontrolle des Entwässerungsnetzes zu erwartenden Abweichungen vonHorton's 1. Gesetz sind verhältnismäßig gering. Das Talsystem folgt jedoch dem offenbar sensitiveren 2.Horton'schen Gesetz wesentlich schlechter. Bei lithologisch gleichmäßigem Untergrund liegt das mittlere Bifurkationsverhältnis recht konstant um den Wert Rb=4,10. Der vonMelton (1958) gefundene gesetzmäßige Zusammenhang zwischen Entwässerungsdichte und Talsegment-Häufigkeit konnte bestätigt werden. Ein Vergleich der Richtungsverteilungen von Kluft- und Talnetz erweist die deutliche Beeinflussung des Entwässerungssystems durch die tektonischen Richtungen; einSpearman-Rangkorrelationstest ergibt für die Mehrzahl der Bekken bei einem Signifikanzniveau von α=0,100 eine signifikante Beeinflussung des Entwässerungsnetzes durch die Kluftrichtungen. Für quantitative Untersuchungen über Kluftnetz und Entwässerungsnetz bietet die photogeologische Auswertung von Luftbildern nicht nur Vorteile im Zeit- und Arbeitsaufwand, sondern teilweise auch höhere Genauigkeit gegenüber Messungen aus Karten oder im Gelände.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 44 (1956), S. 760-769 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser haben eine semimikro- und eine mikrogravimetrische Methode und ein spektrophotometrisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Calcium mit Loretin (7-Jod-8-hydroxychinolin-5-sulfonsäure) ausgearbeitet. Nach Festlegung des Umrechnungsfaktors des Calciumloretinats auf gravimetrischem und thermogravimetrischem Wege wurde gezeigt, daß durch Semimikrogravimetrie Calciummengen von 5 bis 50 mg mit einem mittleren Fehler von 0,35% bestimmbar sind. Die mikrogravimetrische Methode eignet sieh für 0,2 mg Calcium/ml mit einem mittleren Fehler von 0,45%. Der Einfluß einer Reihe von Fremdionen wurde untersucht. Die meisten davon stören nicht, auch wenn sie in bedeutender Menge vorhanden sind. Durch indirekte Spektrophotometrie, nämlich durch Auflösen des Calciumloretinats in überschüssiger Eisen(III)lösung gelang es, Calciummengen in der Größenordnung von 20μg mit einem mittleren Fehler von 0,35% zu bestimmen.
    Abstract: Summary The authors have elaborated a method (semi-micro and micro-gravimetric) and also a spectrophotometric method for determining calcium by means of loretin. After establishing the analytical factor for calcium loretinate by the gravimetric and the thermogravimetric methods, they showed the possibility of determining calcium on the semimicro gravimetric scale for quantities ranging from 5 mg to 50 mg, the mean error being 0.35%. The microgravimetric method allows the minimum quantity to be determined to be reduced to 0.2 mg calcium per ml, the mean error being 0.45%. A study was made of the influence of a number of foreign ions. Most of them do not harm the determination, even though they are present in considerable amounts. By indirect spectrophotometry, notably by dissolving the calcium loretinate in an excess of ferric solution, the writers have succeeded in determining amounts of calcium of the order of 20μg with a mean error of 0.35%.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs ont élaboré une méthode semi-micro et micro-gravimétrique et une méthode spectrophotométrique pour le dosage du calcium par la lorétine. Après avoir établi le facteur analytique du lorétinate de calcium par voie gravimétrique et thermogravimétrique, ils ont démontré la possibilité de doser le calcium à l'échelle semi-micro gravimétrique pour des quantités allant de 5 mg à 50 mg, l'erreur moyenne étant de 0,35%. La méthode microgravimétrique permet de ramener la quantité minima à doser à 0,2 mg de calcium par ml, l'erreur moyenne étant de 0,45%. L'influence d'une série d'ions étrangers fut étudiée. La plupart ne gênent pas le dosage, même s'ils sont présents en quantités importantes. Par spectrophotométrie indirecte, notamment en redissolvant le lorétinate de calcium dans un excès d'une solution ferrique, les auteurs ont réussi à doser des quantités de calcium de l'ordre de 20μg avec une erreur moyenne de 0,35%.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: Key words: Aluminium; plasma-assisted nitriding; AlN; AES; TEM.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract.  Detailed examinations were made by AES depth profiling, SEM, TEM and electron diffraction to get information about the relation between treatment conditions and the state of plasma-nitrided aluminium. The chemical composition and the elemental depth distribution were proofed to be depending on gas phase mixture, pressure and temperature during plasma treatment. The admixture of hydrogen during presputtering for surface cleaning and during nitriding results both in an improved nitriding behaviour and in a reduction of the formation of conical-shaped particles at the surface. The microstructure of the nitride layer isn’t depending on tested process conditions significantly. Surface and interface between layer and substrate are roughly in a scale of a few ten nanometers owing to sputtering effects. The main phase inside the layer is nanocrystalline AlN of the known hexagonal modification. In addition, some crystallites of remaining aluminium are present as a second phase. In contrast to nitrogen-implanted aluminium no preferred lattice orientation of the AlN phase was evident.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Microchimica acta 41 (1953), S. 89-118 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden etwa 70 mikrochemische und andere Apparate beschrieben, die in den vergangenen 10 Jahren entwickelt wurden. Es handelt sich hierbei um Geräte zum Rühren u. dgl., Einrichtungen für die anorganische qualitative Analyse, Apparate für organische Zwecke, für elektrochemische und volumetrische Verfahren und für verschiedene andere Bedürfnisse.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit environ 70 articles relatifs à l'appareillage microchimique et général mis au point pendant les 10 dernières années. L'appareillage est classé en 6 sections, c'est-à-dire, dispositifs pour l'agitation et ce qui s'y rapporte, pour l'analyse qualitative minérale, l'appareillage organique, les techniques électrochimiques, l'appareillage pour Volumétrie et des dispositifs variés.
    Notes: Summary About 70 pieces of microchemical and general apparatus developed during the past 10 years are described. The apparatus is classified in 6 sections, viz. stirring and allied devices, equipment for inorganic qualitative analysis, organic apparatus, electrochemical techniques, volumetric apparatus, and miscellaneous devices.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two FUV Spectral imaging instruments, the Spectrographic Imager (SI) and the Geocorona Photometer (GEO) provide IMAGE with simultaneous global maps of the hydrogen (121.8 nm) and oxygen 135.6 nm components of the terrestrial aurora and with observations of the three dimensional distribution of neutral hydrogen in the magnetosphere (121.6 nm). The SI is a novel instrument type, in which spectral separation and imaging functions are independent of each other. In this instrument, two-dimensional images are produced on two detectors, and the images are spectrally filtered by a spectrograph part of the instrument. One of the two detectors images the Doppler-shifted Lyman-α while rejecting the geocoronal `cold’ Ly-α, and another detector images the OI 135.6 nm emission. The spectrograph is an all-reflective Wadsworth configuration in which a grill arrangement is used to block most of the cold, un-Doppler-shifted geocoronal emission at 121.567 nm. The SI calibration established that the upper limit of transmission at cold geocoronal Ly-α is less than 2%. The measured light collecting efficiency was 0.01 and 0.008 cm2 at 121.8 and at 135.6 nm, respectively. This is consistent with the size of the input aperture, the optical transmission, and the photocathode efficiency. The expected sensitivity is 1.8×10−2 and 1.3×10−2 counts per Rayleigh per pixel for each 5 s viewing exposure per satellite revolution (120 s). The measured spatial resolution is better than the 128×128 pixel matrix over the 15°×15° field of view in both wavelength channels. The SI detectors are photon counting devices using the cross delay line principle. In each detector a triple stack microchannel plate (MCP) amplifies the photo-electronic charge which is then deposited on a specially configured anode array. The position of the photon event is measured by digitizing the time delay between the pulses detected at each end of the anode structures. This scheme is intrinsically faster than systems that use charge division and it has a further advantage that it saturates more gradually at high count rates. The geocoronal Ly-α is measured by a three-channel photometer system (GEO) which is a separate instrument. Each photometer has a built in MgF2 lens to restrict the field of view to one degree and a ceramic electron multiplier with a KBr photocathode. One of the tubes is pointing radially outward perpendicular to the axis of satellite rotation. The optic of the other two subtend 60° with the rotation axis. These instruments take data continuously at 3 samples per second and rely on the combination of satellite rotation and orbital motion to scan the hydrogen cloud surrounding the earth. The detective efficiencies (effective quantum efficiency including windows) of the three tubes at Ly-α are between 6 and 10%.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 5 (1954), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für eine programmgesteuerte Rechenmaschine mit einer magnetischen Trommel als Speicher wird ein für den allgemeinen Gebrauch geeignetes Verzeichnis der arithmetischen Befehle gegeben und der logische Aufbau des Rechenwerks beschrieben. Vorgesehen ist das Rechnen sowohl mit gleitendem Komma (Zahlen der Forma·10 b ) als mit festem Komma, was das automatische Berechnen von Rechenplänen sowie das Rechnen mit verdoppelter Stellenzahl gestattet.
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  • 10
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 25 (1969), S. 814-815 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé L'excrétion rénale de la bilirubine dans l'urine varie entre 0,1 et 0,8 mg par jour dans une série de 113 chiens normaux. Avec une concentration d'hémoglobine plasmatique libre, excédant 50 mg/100 ml, les auteurs ont remarqué une augmentation sensible de l'excrétion urinaire de la bilirubine, sans que les taux sanguin, de la bilirubine ni le clearance de la créatinine soient changés. Les résultats font supposer un métabolisme local de l'hémoglobine en bilirubine dans les reins.
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