ALBERT

Description: The relationship between δ¹⁸O and salinity has been widely studied because it can provide crucial information on the partitioning of isotopes through the hydrological cycle. Current understanding of δ¹⁸O-S characteristics has been used to constrain water cycle models, isotope-enabled atmospheric and ocean models as well as to monitor evaporation (E) and precipitation (P) changes in major ocean basins. However, in the polar regions, where large spatial and temporal variabilities in δ¹⁸O and salinity are expected due to the highly seasonal sea ice melting/formation, river runoff, E-P intensification and rapidly changing summer ice minimum, uncertainties still surround the δ¹⁸O-Salinity relationship. To observe the inputs of freshwater in a poorly-understood, but vastly changing region in the Arctic, we collected matching δ¹⁸O-Salinity data from discrete samples from the surface (bucket sampling) and from profiles (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) casts) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) during the Northwest Passage expedition aboard the RV Oden last 17 July – 04 August 2019. Matching δ¹⁸O-Salinity measurements were also obtained from ice core samples as well as from a precipitation event during the cruise. Here, we present more than 200 new and paired δ¹⁸O-Salinity measurements to help represent water mass end-members for freshwater budgeting as well as understanding the changes in the CAA's hydrologic cycle.

Description: This data contains one (1) geolocated water stable isotope measurement from one (1) rain event on 29 July 2019. Shipboard rain samples were collected in a separatory funnel filled with a layer of mineral oil to prevent evaporation. Water samples were transferred to a 30-mL Nalgene bottles that were filled to the brim. Bottles were tightly closed, sealed with parafilm, and placed inside sampling bags. It was then transported to the Atmosphere, Climate, and Ecosystems lab at the University of Illinois at Chicago for processing. The δ¹⁸O and dD were measured using a Picarro l2130-I CRDS water isotope analyzer with a wire mesh inserted in the vaporizer inlet. Fifteen injections were made for each sample and necessary corrections to address 'memory effect' were employed. Measurements were normalized using the dD and δ¹⁸O values of internal water standards. Header includes event, latitude, longitude, sampling date, campaign, sampling method, location, isotope analyzer, ¹⁸O values (‰) and D values (‰).

Description: This data contains 63 geolocated water stable isotopes and salinity measurements from the surface of the ocean along the RV Oden cruise track. Surface seawater sampling was conducted using bucket sampling. This was done by throwing a weighted bucket offboard to sample the surface of the ocean every six (6) hours. Chosen times were 5:00, 11:00, 17:00, and 23:00. Multiple readings of sea surface salinity were recorded using a YSI professional series digital probe per sampling Water samples were transferred to a 30-mL Nalgene bottles that were filled to the brim. Bottles were tightly closed, sealed with parafilm, and placed inside sampling bags. Two samples were collected per sampling point, and all measurements were geolocated. A total of 126 samples were collected from 19 July – 04 August 2019. All water samples were transported to the Atmosphere, Climate, and Ecosystems lab at the University of Illinois at Chicago for processing. The δ¹⁸O and dD were measured using a Picarro l2130-I CRDS water isotope analyzer with a wire mesh inserted in the vaporizer inlet to trap salt from the seawater. Fifteen injections were made for each sample and necessary corrections to address 'memory effect' were employed. Measurements were normalized using the dD and δ¹⁸O values of internal water standards. Data table header includes the event, latitude, longitude, sampling date, campaign, sampling method, location, isotope analyzer model, salinity sensor, ¹⁸O values (‰), D values (‰), and salinity values (psu).

Description: This data contains ten (10) geolocated water stable isotopes and salinity measurements from three (3) sea ice cores collected during the cruise. Sea ice core sampling was conducted for three (3) ice coring stations. A sea ice core drill was used to collect the cores. Total length of each core was recorded as well as the temperature per 10 cm interval. The cores were then sectioned per 20 cm and the sections were thawed in different Marvin bottles. Once thawed, multiple water salinity measurements were taken using a YSI professional series digital probe. Water samples were transferred to a 30-mL Nalgene bottles that were filled to the brim. Bottles were tightly closed, sealed with parafilm, and placed inside sampling bags. A total of ten (10) samples were collected from the ice core collected. All water samples were transported to the Atmosphere, Climate, and Ecosystems lab at the University of Illinois at Chicago for processing. The δ¹⁸O and dD were measured using a Picarro l2130-I CRDS water isotope analyzer with a wire mesh inserted in the vaporizer inlet to trap salt from the seawater. Fifteen injections were made for each sample and necessary corrections to address 'memory effect' were employed. Measurements were normalized using the dD and δ¹⁸O values of internal water standards. Header includes following details: event, core segment (cm), latitude, longitude, sampling date, campaign, sampling method, location, isotope analyzer, salinity sensor, ¹⁸O values (‰), D values (‰), salinity values (psu).

Description: This data contains 125 geolocated water stable isotope, salinity, and temperature measurements from niskin bottle samples at varying depths from 52 Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) casts along the RV Oden cruise track. The CTD rosette water sampling was conducted following the CLIVAR/GO-SHIP protocol with a 'water cop' keeping track of the sampling order. Sampling for gases goes first, followed by nutrients, water stable isotopes, and then microbiological and DNA sampling during each cast. Samples for water stable isotopes analyses were collected by filling 30-mL Nalgene bottles to the brim. Bottles were closed tightly, sealed with parafilm, and stored in a labeled sample bag. Sampling depths chosen were based on the profile, location, and whether samples were collected for nutrients. Two samples were collected per depth. A total of 250 samples were collected from the 52 CTD casts from 19 July – 04 August 2019. The corresponding salinity and temperature measurements per sampling depth were collected from the CTD data. All water samples were transported to the Atmosphere, Climate, and Ecosystems lab at the University of Illinois at Chicago for processing. The δ¹⁸O and dD were measured using a Picarro l2130-I CRDS water isotope analyzer with a wire mesh inserted in the vaporizer inlet to trap salt from the seawater. Fifteen injections were made for each sample and necessary corrections to address 'memory effect' were employed. Measurements were normalized using the dD and δ¹⁸O values of internal water standards. Data table header includes the event, depth (m) latitude, longitude, sampling date, campaign, sampling method, location, isotope analyzer, salinity and temperature sensor, ¹⁸O values (‰), D values (‰), salinity values (psu), and temperature values (°C).

Description: Researchers wishing to conduct studies in Nunavut are asked by potential funders and licensing agencies to incorporate Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) and meaningfully engage Inuit communities, but they must usually interpret for themselves what this means and how to do it in practice. As a group of Inuit youth from four Nunavut communities, we have developed a concept we call ScIQ (pronounced sigh-cue) to describe how science and IQ can be combined for more meaningful engagement to benefit both Inuit communities and scientific researchers. ScIQ is based on the understanding that IQ is not only knowledge that Inuit have gained over many generations; it is more holistic and includes Inuit values, customs and principles for living our lives. Incorporating IQ into research then, should be as much about how research is conducted as it is about data collected from Inuit and local knowledge used to conduct the research. Over a five-day Ikaarvik Youth ScIQ Summit in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, we developed 45 recommendations for specific things researchers can do before, during, and after their research that, from our perspective, are examples of truly incorporating IQ and result in more meaningful engagement of Inuit communities. This paper presents the Ikaarvik ScIQ recommendations. Qaujisaqtiit qaujisarniqarumajut Nunavummi apirijauvut kiinaujaqaqtiutuinnarialingni amma laisansitaaqtittijiujuni ilaliujjinirmut Inuit Qaujimajatuqanginni (IQ) amma tukiqattiaqtumi ilautittinirmi Inungni nunaliujuni, kisiani tukiliurijariaqaqput immingnut qanuq tukiqarningani ammalu qanuq pilirianguvangningani atuqtauninganut. Katinnganiulutik Inungni makkuktuni tisamani Nunavummi nunaliujuni, pivalliatittisimavugut isumagijautuinnarniujumi taijavut ScIQ (taijausuuq sigh-cue) unikkaarinirmi qanuq qaujisarniq amma Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit katitirijaujunnarningani tukiqattiarniqsaujumi ilautittiniujumi pivaallirutiqarniaqtumut tamakkini inungni nunaliujuni amma qaujisarnirmut qaujisaqtiujuni. ScIQ tunngaviqaqpuq tukisiumaniujumi Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit qaujimanituinnaunnginningani Inuit pisimajanginni arraagugasaalungnut, iluittuuniuvuq amma ilaqaqpuq Inuit pinnarijanginni, atuqpaktanginni amma tunngaviujuni inuunirmi inuusittinni. Ilaliujjiniq Inuit Qaujimajatuqanginni qaujisarnirmut asuilaak, ilaqalluaqpuq qanuq qaujisaqtauninga pilirianguvangningani ammalu qaujisaqtaunikuni titiraqsimajuni katiqsuqtaujuni Inungni amma nunalingni qaujimaniujunut atuqtauvaktuni pilirinirmut qaujisarniujumi. Tallimanut−ullunut, Ikaarvik Makkuktuni ScIQ Katimaniujumi Iqaluktuuttiaq, Nunavummi, pivalliatittilauqpugut 45-ni atuliqujaujuni nalunaiqtausimajunut kisutuinnanut qaujisaqtiit pilirijariaqaqtanginni sivuniani, taikani amma kinguniagut qaujisarninginni, isumagijattinni, uuktuutiuvut ilaliujjillaringningani Inuit Qaujimajatuqanginni amma pitittilluni tukiqarniqsaujumi ilautittiniujumi Inungni nunaliujunit. Una paippaaq tunisivuq Ikaarvik ScIQ atuqunajaqtanginni.

Description: How predictable are life trajectories? We investigated this question with a scientific mass collaboration using the common task method; 160 teams built predictive models for six life outcomes using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a high-quality birth cohort study. Despite using a rich dataset and applying machine-learning methods optimized for prediction, the best predictions were not very accurate and were only slightly better than those from a simple benchmark model. Within each outcome, prediction error was strongly associated with the family being predicted and weakly associated with the technique used to generate the prediction. Overall, these results suggest practical limits to the predictability of life outcomes in some settings and illustrate the value of mass collaborations in the social sciences.

Description: Geobiology explores how Earth's system has changed over the course of geologic history and how living organisms on this planet are impacted by or are indeed causing these changes. For decades, geologists, paleontologists, and geochemists have generated data to investigate these topics. Foundational efforts in sedimentary geochemistry utilized spreadsheets for data storage and analysis, suitable for several thousand samples, but not practical or scalable for larger, more complex datasets. As results have accumulated, researchers have increasingly gravitated toward larger compilations and statistical tools. New data frameworks have become necessary to handle larger sample sets and encourage more sophisticated or even standardized statistical analyses. In this paper, we describe the Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project (SGP; Figure 1), which is an open, community-oriented, database-driven research consortium. The goals of SGP are to (1) create a relational database tailored to the needs of the deep-time (millions to billions of years) sedimentary geochemical research community, including assembling and curating published and associated unpublished data; (2) create a website where data can be retrieved in a flexible way; and (3) build a collaborative consortium where researchers are incentivized to contribute data by giving them priority access and the opportunity to work on exciting questions in group papers. Finally, and more idealistically, the goal was to establish a culture of modern data management and data analysis in sedimentary geochemistry. Relative to many other fields, the main emphasis in our field has been on instrument measurement of sedimentary geochemical data rather than data analysis (compared with fields like ecology, for instance, where the post-experiment ANOVA (analysis of variance) is customary). Thus, the longer-term goal was to build a collaborative environment where geobiologists and geologists can work and learn together to assess changes in geochemical signatures through Earth history. With respect to the data product, SGP is focused on assembling a well-vetted and comprehensive dataset that is tractable to multivariate statistical analyses accounting for multiple geological and methodological biases. Phase 1 of the project, which focused on the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic, has been completed. Future phases will capture a broader range of geologic time, data types, and geography. The database contains tens of thousands of unpublished data points provided by consortium members, as well as detailed metadata that go beyond what is contained in papers. In many cases, these represent measurements that are tangential to a given published study but still of high utility to database studies; these allow the community to address questions that would be impossible to answer solely with the published data. For instance, in order to use a proxy such as Mo/TOC (total organic carbon) ratios in mudrocks deposited under a euxinic water column, the full suite of trace metal, iron speciation, and total organic carbon data is needed. Likewise, geospatial information is required to account for sampling biases, and many statistical learning approaches cannot accept, or have difficulty with, incomplete geological predictor variables. Ultimately, it is this complete data matrix that will allow for SGP’s most insightful analyses.

Description: How does solar wind energy flow through the Earth’s magnetosphere, how is it converted and distributed? is the question we want to address. We need to understand how geomagnetic storms and substorms start and grow, not just as a matter of scientific curiosity, but to address a clear and pressing practical problem: space weather, which can influence the performance and reliability of our technological systems, in space and on the ground, and can endanger human life and health. Much knowledge has already been acquired over the past decades, particularly by making use of multiple spacecraft measuring conditions in situ, but the infant stage of space weather forecasting demonstrates that we still have a vast amount of learning to do. A novel global approach is now being taken by a number of space imaging missions which are under development and the first tantalising results of their exploration will be available in the next decade. In this White Paper, submitted to ESA in response to the Voyage 2050 Call, we propose the next step in the quest for a complete understanding of how the Sun controls the Earth’s plasma environment: a tomographic imaging approach comprising two spacecraft in highly inclined polar orbits, enabling global imaging of magnetopause and cusps in soft X-rays, of auroral regions in FUV, of plasmasphere and ring current in EUV and ENA (Energetic Neutral Atoms), alongside in situ measurements. Such a mission, encompassing the variety of physical processes determining the conditions of geospace, will be crucial on the way to achieving scientific closure on the question of solar-terrestrial interactions.

Description: Transports across the continental shelf edge enhance shelf-sea production, remove atmospheric carbon and imply an active boundary to ocean circulation. Overall transports across the varied shelf edge from south-west of Britain to north of Scotland are estimated (from a variety of measurements and models) as several m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. This large value results from variable strong wind-forced and tidal currents and along-slope flow.Even a globally typical 1 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 across an estimated 5x10〈sup〉5〈/sup〉 km of shelf edge amounts to 500 Sv; large compared with oceanic transports and potentially important to shelf-sea and adjacent oceanic budgets. However, exchanges with periods ∼ one day or less may be effective only for water properties that evolve on such short time-scales. Thus transports’ significance depends on distinctive properties of the water, or its contents, and on internal shelf-sea circulation affecting further transport. Transports across the NW European shelf edge enable its disproportionately strong CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 “pump”.The complex context, and small scales of numerous processes enabling cross-slope transports, imply a need for models. Measurements remain limited in extent and duration, but widely varied contexts, particular conditions, events, processes and behaviours are now available for model validation. Variability still renders observations insufficient for stable estimates of transports and exchanges, especially if partitioned by sector and season; indeed, there may be significant inter-annual differences. Validated fine-resolution models give the best prospect of spatial and temporal coverage and of estimating shelf-sea sensitivities to the adjacent ocean.