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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The infrared spectrum of the Kleinmann-Low nebula in M42 has been measured from 80 to 350 kaysers (approximately 29 to 125 microns) with a Michelson interferometer aboard the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The frequency spectrum peaks at about 185 kaysers. A simple model of the emission implies that the temperature is in the range 70-95 K and that the optical depth is at least 0.2 at the peak frequency. A possible absorption is seen at about 176 kaysers. Thermal emission by dust at a temperature of 71 K, with the absorption cross section proportional to frequency, provides a good fit to the data. Other thermal-emission models can also fit the spectrum. The data are compared with previous broad-band measurements. Upper limits are placed on expected line emission from the surrounding H II region at the position of the nebula.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 212
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Monte Carlo-based computer calculations, as well as analytical approaches utilizing probabilistic arguments, were applied to gain insight into the principal regolith impact processes and their resulting kinetics. Craters 10 to 1500 m in diameter are largely responsible for the overall growth of the regolith. As a consequence the regolith has to be envisioned as a complex sequence of discrete ejecta blankets. Such blankets constitute first-order discontinuities in the evolving debris layer. The micrometeoroid complex then operates intensely on these fresh ejecta blankets and accomplishes only in an uppermost layer of approximately 1-mm thickness. The absolute flux of micrometeoroids based on lunar rock analyses averaged over the past few 10 to the 6th power years is approximately an order of magnitude lower than presentday satellite fluxes; however, there is indication that the flux increased in the past 10 to the 4th power years to become compatible with the satellite data. Furthermore, there is detailed evidence that the micrometeoroid complex existed throughout geologic time.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: The Soviet-Am. Conf. on Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets, Pt. 2; p 605-635
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 212
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Gamma ray astronomy is now beginning to provide a new look at the galactic structure and the distribution of cosmic rays, both electrons and nucleons, within the galaxy. The observations are consistent with a galactic spiral-arm model in which the cosmic rays are linearly coupled to the interstellar gas on the scale of the spiral arms. The agreement between the predictions of the model and the observations for regions of the plane where both 21-cm and 2.6-mm CO surveys exist emphasizes the need to extend these observations to include the entire plane. Future gamma-ray observations with more sensitivity and better angular resolutions, combined with these radio surveys, should shed new light on the distribution of cosmic rays, the nature of the galaxy, and the location and intensity of the spiral arms.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 301-314
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) high-energy (in excess of 35 MeV) gamma-ray telescope has detected pulsed gamma-ray emission at the radio period from PSR 0833-45, the Vela pulsar, as well as an unpulsed flux from the Vela region. The pulsed emission consists of two peaks following the single radio peak by about 13 ms and 48 ms. The luminosity of the pulsed emission above 100 MeV from Vela is about 0.1 that of the pulsar NP 0532 in the Crab nebula, whereas the pulsed emission from Vela at optical wavelengths is less than 0.0002 that from the Crab. The relatively high intensity of the pulsed gamma-ray emission, and the double peak structure, compared with the single pulse in the radio emission, suggest that the high-energy gamma-ray pulsar emission may be produced under different conditions from those at lower energies.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 1
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility that the origin of extinct radioactivities depended on their living long enough for grains to form in the expanding nucleosynthetic envelope, rather than on their living long enough for meteorites to form, is examined. As an example, the interpretation of Na-22 as a detectable extinct radioactivity, with a half life of only 2.6 years, is explored and related to Ne-22 occurrence. Similar arguments involving He-4, Ar-40, K-40, K-41, and calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and cobalt isotopes are briefly presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 257; Sept. 4
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A multiple shock system was observed upstream (0.13 AU) of the earth by Pioneer 9 on February 2, 1969. The same system was observed at earth by Ogo 5 and was reported separately in the literature. This paper compares the two sets of observations in still further detail. Both magnetic-field and plasma data are used in a least-squares best-fit method to compute the characteristics of the fast forward shock wave (Pioneer 9 only) and two fast reverse shock waves. Nearly all major features (shock, piston, and tangential discontinuity) retained their characteristics during the transit of the shock ensemble from Pioneer 9 to Ogo 5. The genesis of the ensemble is believed to be due to a complex stream-stream interaction. A substantial density increase (including a large rise of alpha/proton abundance) at Ogo 5, but unobserved at Pioneer 9, is explained by a sudden meridional shift to a flow from below the ecliptic plane while the streams were en route to earth. This study demonstrates a spatial and temporal plasma inhomogeneity which is superimposed on the persistent major features.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 1
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data are reported which were obtained with a high-energy (exceeding 35 Mev) gamma-ray telescope flown on the second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2). The high-energy galactic gamma radiation is observed to dominate over the general diffuse radiation along the entire galactic plane, and its longitudinal and latitudinal distributions appear to be generally correlated with galactic structural features, particularly with arm segments. Principally on the basis of its angular distribution and magnitude, it is suggested that this radiation results primarily from cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar matter. A uniform celestial gamma radiation appears to have been detected; the form of its differential spectrum over the energy range from about 35 to 170 MeV is obtained, and a cosmological origin is suggested for this radiation. In addition to the general galactic emission, high-energy gamma radiation was detected from the Crab Nebula, Vela X, a general region toward the galactic center, and a region located a few degrees north of the galactic plane. Upper limits to the high-energy gamma ray fluxes are set for a number of localized sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; May 15
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The concept that cosmic-ray density is related to the matter to which cosmic rays are dynamically coupled through magnetic fields on the scale of galactic arm segments is considered with specific reference to gamma-ray astronomy. A model of the galactic-matter and cosmic-ray distributions is developed on the basis of 21-cm radio surveys and recent observations of the 2.6-mm CO emission line by assuming that cosmic rays are galactic in origin, their column density is proportional to the total interstellar-gas column density, their scale height is considerably larger than that of the matter, and the Galaxy is a spiral with an arm/interarm density ratio of about 3 to 1. It is found that there is a good correlation between the observed gamma-ray intensity and that predicted on the basis of essentially complete coupling of cosmic rays to the best estimate of atomic and molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy. Individual maxima observed in gamma-radiation from the central region of the Galaxy are shown to be well correlated with those predicted to result from certain spiral-arm tangents if all the matter is assumed to be modulated in a particular spiral-arm segment pattern.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 215
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